Overview of computer

system
PREPARED BY TAJAL HUSSAIN
History of computer
Early computing devices refer to the primitive mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic
machines that were created before the advent of modern digital computers. These early devices
were used for various calculations, data processing, and other computational tasks. Here are
some notable examples of early computing devices
Cont….
Abacus: The abacus is one of the oldest known computing devices, dating back to ancient times.
It consists of rods or wires with movable beads and was used for arithmetic calculations.
Babbage's Analytical Engine: Designed by Charles Babbage in the 1830s, the Analytical Engine is
considered the precursor to modern digital computers. It was a mechanical, general-purpose
computing machine that could perform arithmetic and store instructions on punched cards.
Tabulating machine
Hollerith Tabulating Machine: Invented by Herman Hollerith in the late 19th century, this
machine used punched cards to process and tabulate data, primarily for census purposes. It
played a crucial role in the development of modern data processing and later became part of
IBM.
Z3 computer
The Z3 computer was one of the earliest electromechanical computers and is considered the
world's first fully operational digital computer. It was designed and built by Konrad Zuse, a
German engineer, between 1935 and 1941.
Mark 1 computer
The Mark I computer, also known as the Harvard Mark I or IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC), was one of the earliest electromechanical computers. It was developed
during the 1930s and 1940s and completed in 1944.
ENIAC
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): Completed in 1945, ENIAC was one of
the earliest electronic digital computers. It used vacuum tubes to perform calculations and was
primarily used for scientific and military applications
UNIVAC
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I): Developed in the early 1950s, UNIVAC I was one of
the first commercially produced computers. It used vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines for
memory.
EDVAC
The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic
digital computers and played a crucial role in the development of modern computing
technology. It was designed and developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily by John
von Neumann and his team at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey
Transistor
In 1948 the invention of the transistor greatly change the computer’s development. It is a
semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals, making it a crucial part of
electronic circuits.
Throughout the early 1960 there were a number of commercially successful computing devices
used in business , universities and government.
Example IBM 1401 computer, which was universally accepted throughout the industry .
In 1958 integrated circuit Ics by jack kilby which completely revolutionalized the computing device
in term of processing speed ,memory and peripheral supporting capabilities.
In 1971 intel 4004 chip developed , took the integrated circuit one step further by locating all
components of computer on a single chip (central processing unit ,memory, input and output
control.
1981 IBM introduce first personal computer (PC) for home use.
Transistor
Basic operations of computer
Input operations in a computer refer to the process of receiving data or information from
external sources and making it available for processing by the computer.
Such as keyboard ,mouse, sccner , microphone , sensore, touchscreen
Output operations in a computer involve the process of presenting data, results, or information
to users or external devices. These operations take the processed data or information generated
by the computer and make it available in a human-readable or machine-
Example Speakers, monitor, projector, printer etc.
Storage operations in computing involve the process of storing and retrieving data from storage
devices, such as hard drives, solid-state drives, optical disks, and cloud storage services.
Example: Ram, hard disk, removable memory sticks etc
Classification of computers
Computers can be classified into various categories based on their size, functionality, and
intended use. Here are some common classifications of computers.
Supercomputers:
Purpose: Supercomputers are the most powerful and fastest computers designed for complex
scientific and engineering calculations. They are used for tasks such as weather forecasting,
nuclear simulations, and cryptography.
Performance: They offer the highest processing power and computational speed.
Examples: IBM Summit, Fujitsu Fugaku, and Cray XC40.
Mainframe computers
Mainframe Computers:
Purpose: Mainframes are large, powerful computers used by organizations for processing large
volumes of data and handling critical applications, such as banking and airline reservation
systems.
Performance: They are known for their reliability, availability, and scalability.
Examples: IBM zSeries, Unisys ClearPath.
Minicomputers
Minicomputers (Midrange Computers):
Purpose: Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes and are used for business and scientific
applications, often as departmental or small business servers.
Performance: They provide moderate computing power and storage capacity.
Examples: DEC PDP-11, VAX series, and Data General Nova.
Microcomputers
Microcomputers, often referred to simply as "personal computers" or "PCs," are a category of
computers that are relatively small, affordable, and designed for individual use. They are the
most common type of computer used by individuals and in small business environments. Here's
an explanation of microcomputers:
Types of microcomputers:
Desktop Computers:
Tower Desktops: These are the traditional desktop computers with a separate CPU unit (tower)
and a monitor. They offer ample performance and can be easily upgraded.
All-in-One (AIO) Desktops: AIO desktops integrate the computer components, including the
CPU, into the monitor, making for a more compact and aesthetically pleasing design.
All in one desktop computer
Laptop computers
Laptops and Notebooks:
Laptops: Laptops are portable computers with a built-in display and keyboard. They come in
various sizes and configurations, from ultraportable to high-performance gaming laptops.
Notebooks: Notebooks are smaller and lighter than standard laptops and are designed for
maximum portability. They may sacrifice some performance and features for compactness.
Netbooks:
◦ Netbooks are small, lightweight laptops primarily designed for basic tasks like web browsing and email.
They have limited processing power and are less common today.

Ultrabooks:
◦ Ultrabooks are a specific category of thin and lightweight laptops with a focus on performance, battery
life, and portability. They often feature SSD storage and high-quality displays.
Notebook laptop
Handheld computers
Handheld computers, often referred to as handheld devices or mobile devices, are compact,
portable computing devices designed to be carried in the hand or pocket. They are characterized by
their small size, touchscreen interfaces, and mobility, making them suitable for a wide range of tasks
and applications. Here are some common types and examples of handheld computers:
Smartphones:
◦ Purpose: Smartphones are versatile handheld devices that combine the functionality of a mobile phone with
the capabilities of a computer. They are used for communication, web browsing, email, gaming,
photography, and much more.
◦ Examples: Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy, Google Pixel.

Tablets:
◦ Purpose: Tablets are larger than smartphones and offer a more substantial screen for various tasks, including
web browsing, media consumption, productivity, and gaming. Some tablets can also replace traditional
laptops for certain applications.
◦ Examples: Apple iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab, Microsoft Surface.
Handheld computers
E-Readers (E-Book Readers):
◦ Purpose: E-readers are designed primarily for reading digital books, magazines, and other text-based
content. They typically use electronic ink (e-ink) displays for improved readability.
◦ Examples: Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook.

Handheld Game Consoles:

◦ Purpose: Handheld game consoles are designed for gaming on the go. They feature dedicated gaming
controls, high-quality displays, and access to a library of video games.
◦ Examples: Nintendo Switch (can be used as both a handheld and a console), Sony PlayStation Portable
(PSP), Nintendo 3DS.
PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants):
Purpose: PDAs were popular in the early 2000s for personal organization, note-taking, and
simple productivity tasks. They have largely been replaced by smartphones and tablets.
Examples: Palm Pilot, BlackBerry (older models), Pocket PC devices.
 HARDWARE
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer
or electronic device that you can touch and see. It is the
tangible, mechanical, and electrical parts that make up a
computing system. Hardware is a critical part of any digital
device, and it works in conjunction with software to perform
various tasks and functions. Here are some of the key
components and categories of hardware
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is often considered the "brain" of the
computer. It executes instructions, performs calculations, and manages data
processing. CPUs come in various architectures and speeds, and their
performance impacts the overall speed of a computer.
Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary working
memory of a computer. It stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to
access quickly. The amount of RAM affects the computer's ability to handle
multiple tasks simultaneously.
Storage Devices: These are used to store data and software. Common storage
devices include Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid-State Drives (SSDs). HDDs use
spinning disks to store data, while SSDs use flash memory, offering faster access
times.
Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board in a
computer. It connects all the hardware components, allowing them
to communicate and work together. It also houses the CPU, RAM,
and other critical components.
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU is responsible for
rendering graphics and images. It is essential for tasks such as
gaming, video editing, and 3D modeling.
Input Devices: These include devices like keyboards, mice, and
touchscreens that allow users to input data and control the
computer.
Graphical processing
unit (GPU)
Output Devices: Output devices, such as monitors, speakers, and printers, display or produce
the results of computer operations.
Peripherals: These are additional devices that can be connected to a computer, such as external
hard drives, webcams, and scanners.
Network Devices: Routers, switches, and network cards are examples of hardware components
that enable a computer to connect to a network or the internet.
Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU provides electrical power to the various components of a
computer, converting electricity from an outlet into a form usable by the computer.
Cooling Systems: Computers generate heat during operation, and cooling systems, such as fans
or liquid cooling, are used to dissipate this heat and prevent components from overheating.
 Network devices
Peripheral devices
Case or Chassis: The computer case or chassis houses and protects
the internal components. It often includes slots and connectors for
peripheral devices and cooling fans.
Optical Drives: Devices like CD/DVD drives and Blu-ray drives are
used for reading and writing optical discs.
BIOS/UEFI: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified
Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is firmware that initializes the
computer hardware during the boot process.
Difference between hardware and
software
Hardware and software are two fundamental components of a computer system,
each playing a distinct role in the functioning of a computer. Here are the key
differences between hardware and software:
Nature:
Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. This
includes components like the central processing unit (CPU), memory,
motherboard, hard drive, keyboard, mouse, monitor, and any other physical
devices or components.
Software: Software is a collection of instructions, programs, and data that tell the
hardware how to perform specific tasks. It is not physical but exists as a set of
binary code or human-readable code.
Function:

Hardware: Hardware provides the platform for software to run. It

processes data and carries out physical tasks based on the
instructions provided by the software.
Software: Software instructs hardware to perform specific tasks. It
tells the hardware what operations to carry out, such as running
applications, processing data, or controlling devices.
Upgradability and Maintenance:

Hardware: Upgrading hardware often involves physically replacing or

adding components. Hardware maintenance can be more costly and
time-consuming.
Software: Upgrading software usually involves downloading and
installing updates or new versions. Software maintenance is typically
easier and less expensive.
Interdependence:

Hardware and software are interdependent. Hardware is necessary

to run software, and software relies on hardware to execute its
instructions.
In summary, hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, while
software refers to the programs and instructions that run on the hardware to
perform specific tasks. They work together to enable the functioning of a
computer system.
Software
Software is a collection of programs, data, and instructions that tell a
computer or electronic device how to perform specific tasks and
functions. It is a fundamental component of modern computing
systems and plays a crucial role in enabling a wide range of
applications and functionality. Here are some key aspects of
software:
System software
Application software
System softwares
System software acts as an intermediary between the hardware and
application software, providing a foundational framework for the
operation of the computer. Its primary role is to manage and
maintain the hardware components and provide essential services to
applications. Common types of system software include:
Operating Systems (OS): An operating system is the core system
software that manages hardware resources, provides user interfaces,
and facilitates the execution of application software. Examples of
operating systems include Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android.
System softwares
Device Drivers: Device drivers are software components that enable
communication between the operating system and hardware
devices, ensuring they work together harmoniously. These drivers
are specific to various hardware components like graphics cards,
printers, and network adapters.
Firmware: Firmware is a type of system software embedded within
hardware devices to control their low-level functions. Examples
include the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in a computer and
firmware in devices like routers, smartphones, and digital cameras.
System softwares
Utility Programs: Utility software provides tools for system maintenance,
optimization, and troubleshooting. These include antivirus software, disk
cleanup tools, backup software, and system monitoring utilities.
Programming Languages Translators: While often associated with application
development, some programming languages and their translators are
consider system software. There are types of translators which are given
below.
Interpreter
Compiler
Assembler
Languages translators
Interpreter:
◦ An interpreter is a type of language translator that processes and executes the source
code of a program line by line, typically in a high-level programming language.
◦ It translates and runs the code simultaneously, providing immediate feedback to the
programmer.
◦ Interpreters are commonly used in scripting languages like Python and JavaScript.
Compiler:
◦ A compiler is a language translator that translates the entire source code of a program written in a
high-level language into machine code or an intermediate code in a single step.
◦ The resulting compiled code can be executed without the need for the original source code.

Compilers are often used in languages like C, C++, and Java.

Assembler:
◦ An assembler is a translator that converts assembly language code into
machine code.
◦ Assembly language is a low-level programming language specific to a
particular computer architecture.
◦ Assemblers are used to produce binary code that can be executed directly by
a computer's CPU.
In summary, interpreters execute code line by line, compilers translate the entire
code into machine code, and assemblers translate assembly language into
machine code. These tools play crucial roles in the process of converting high-
level programming languages into instructions that a computer can understand
and execute.
Application Software

Application software is designed to perform specific tasks and

functions for end-users. It includes a wide range of programs that
cater to various user needs, from productivity and entertainment to
creativity and communication. Common types of application
software include:
Word Processors: Word processing software like Microsoft Word and
Google Docs is used for creating and editing documents, letters, and
reports.
Application softwares
Spreadsheet Software: Applications like Microsoft Excel and Google
Sheets are used for creating and managing spreadsheets, performing
calculations, and data analysis.
Web Browsers: Web browsers such as Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, and Microsoft Edge enable users to access and interact with
websites and web applications.
Graphics and Multimedia Software: Software like Adobe Photoshop,
Adobe Premiere, and Adobe Illustrator is used for graphic design,
photo editing, video editing, and multimedia creation.
Application softwares
Communication Software: Communication tools include email
clients (e.g., Microsoft Outlook), instant messaging apps (e.g.,
WhatsApp, Slack), and video conferencing software (e.g., Zoom).
Productivity Suites: Productivity suites like Microsoft Office and
Google Workspace encompass a range of applications for word
processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and collaboration.
Content Management Systems (CMS): CMS software, such as
WordPress and Joomla, is used for website creation and
management.
Application softwars
Database Software: Database management systems
like MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server are
used for organizing and managing large volumes of
data.
Financial Software: Financial applications like
QuickBooks and Quicken assist in financial
management, accounting, and personal finance.
Terminologies of software
Open Source Software: Open source software is software whose source code is
made available to the public, allowing users to view, modify, and distribute the
code freely. Examples include the Linux operating system and the Apache web
server.
Freeware: Freeware refers to software that is available for free but may have
restrictions on its use or redistribution. It's often used for personal or non-
commercial purposes.
Shareware: Shareware is software that users can try for free, but they are
encouraged to purchase a full version with additional features, often after a trial
period.
Firmware
Firmware is software embedded in hardware devices,
responsible for controlling their fundamental functions. It's
not as easily modified as regular software. Examples include
the firmware in your smart phone, which manages the
device's basic operations, and the firmware in your router,
which controls network functionality.
Hardware parts
Input devices:
Input devices are hardware components or peripherals that allow
users to interact with and input data into a computer or other
electronic devices. These devices are essential for sending
information, commands, or signals to the computer, enabling users
to control and communicate with the system. There are various
types of input devices, each designed for specific functions and user
preferences. Here are some common input devices and their types:
Keyboard:
◦ Standard Keyboard: This is the most common type of keyboard with
alphanumeric keys, function keys, and a numeric keypad.
◦ Gaming Keyboard: Designed for gaming enthusiasts, these keyboards often
include customizable keys, backlighting, and ergonomic features.
◦ Ergonomic Keyboard: These keyboards are designed to reduce strain on the
hands and wrists, with a more natural hand positioning.
Mouse:
◦ Optical Mouse: Uses LED or laser technology to detect movement, eliminating the need for a
mouse pad.
◦ Trackball Mouse: Instead of moving the entire mouse, users rotate a ball to control the cursor.
◦ Gaming Mouse: Equipped with additional buttons, high precision sensors, and customizable
features for gaming purposes.
 Ergonomic keyboard
Standard keyboard

Gamming keyboard
 Gamming mouse

Optical mouse

Trackball mouse
Touchpad:
◦ Built into laptops and some external devices, touchpads use finger movements to control the
cursor and perform various actions.
Touch screen:
◦ Used in smart phones, tablets, and some desktop monitors, touchscreens allow users to
interact directly with the display by tapping, swiping, and pinching.
Graphic Tablet:
◦ Also known as a digital drawing tablet, it is used by graphic designers and artists for precise
drawing and graphic design tasks.
 Graphic tablet
Touchpad
Stylus:
◦ A pen-like device used with graphic tablets and touchscreen devices for precise drawing,
writing, and input.

Microphone:
◦ Used for voice input and voice recognition, enabling users to dictate text or give commands
to the computer.

Webcam:
◦ Captures video and images, often used for video conferencing, streaming, and facial
recognition.

Joystick and Gamepad:

◦ Designed for gaming, these input devices provide precise control for video games.
Stylus
Joystick

Gamepad
Scanner
A scanner is a computer peripheral or device that captures physical documents,
images, or objects and converts them into digital formats that can be stored,
edited, and shared electronically. Scanners are widely used in offices, homes,
and various industries to digitize and archive physical content. There are several
types of scanners, each designed for specific purposes and with different
capabilities. Here are some common types of scanners.
Types of scanner
Flatbed Scanner:
◦ A flatbed scanner is one of the most common types. It features a flat, glass surface onto
which the document or image is placed. A scanning head moves across the document to
capture the image. Flatbed scanners are versatile and suitable for scanning documents,
photos, books, and other flat objects. They come in various sizes, including compact and
large-format models.
Sheet-fed Scanner:
◦ Sheet-fed scanners are designed to scan individual sheets of paper, typically one at a time or
in small batches. These scanners are often used for quickly scanning large quantities of
documents, such as in offices for document management and archiving
 Sheet fed scanner

Flatbed scanner
Handheld Scanner:
◦ Handheld scanners are compact and portable devices that users can manually
move over a document or image. They are useful for scanning small items,
such as receipts, business cards, or photos, and are convenient for on-the-go
scanning.
3D Scanner:
◦ 3D scanners create digital 3D models of physical objects, capturing their
shape, texture, and dimensions. They are commonly used in industries like
engineering, manufacturing, and healthcare for reverse engineering, quality
control, and 3D printing.
Handheld
scanner 3d scanner
Barcode Scanner:
◦ Barcode scanners are specialized devices that read barcodes and QR codes on
products and documents, providing data input for inventory management,
retail, and logistics applications.
Document Scanner:
◦ Designed for high-speed document processing, these scanners are used to
scan large volumes of documents quickly and efficiently. They can handle
duplex (double-sided) scanning and come with features like automatic
document feeders (ADF).
 Document scanner
Barcode scanner
Plotter
A plotter is a specialized output device used in computer graphics
and design to produce high-quality, large-scale, and precise
drawings, diagrams, and images on paper or other flat surfaces.
Unlike traditional printers that use rasterization to create images,
plotters use vector graphics to draw lines, curves, and shapes with
extreme precision. Plotters are often used in applications that
require detailed and accurate representations, such as architectural
blueprints, engineering diagrams, and artistic illustrations.
Types of plotters
There are primarily two types of plotters:
Drum Plotters:
◦ Drum plotters consist of a rotating drum or cylindrical surface on which the paper is
mounted.
◦ A pen or other drawing tool is mounted on a carriage that moves horizontally across the
width of the drum.
◦ As the drum rotates, the carriage moves back and forth, allowing the pen to draw precise
lines and shapes on the paper.
◦ Drum plotters are known for their accuracy but can be relatively slow in operation. They are
suitable for tasks that require high precision, such as architectural drawings and circuit
diagrams.
Flatbed Plotters

Flatbed plotters use a stationary flat surface, typically a large drawing board or
table.
The paper or drawing medium is fixed in place on the flatbed, and the pen or
other drawing tool is attached to a moveable arm or gantry.
The arm moves along both the X and Y axes to create drawings with precision.
Flatbed plotters are faster than drum plotters and are commonly used for tasks
like creating maps, posters, and large-scale graphics.
Magnetic cards
Magnetic strip card:
A magnetic stripe card, commonly known as a magstripe card, is a type of plastic card with a
magnetic stripe on the back. This stripe contains encoded data that can be read by swiping the
card through a magnetic card reader. Magnetic stripe cards are used for various purposes, such
as credit and debit cards, access cards, and loyalty cards. They typically have three tracks, with
Tracks 1 and 2 being the most commonly used for financial transactions. These cards are simple
to use but are vulnerable to fraud and have limited data storage capacity.
Magnetic ink character recognition
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) is a technology used to print and read characters
using magnetic ink. It's primarily employed in the banking industry for check processing. MICR
characters consist of numbers and special symbols, such as the bank's routing number, the
account number, and the check number. These characters are printed with magnetic ink to
ensure high accuracy and efficiency during automated check processing. MICR allows for rapid
and error-free reading of these characters using specialized MICR readers and scanners,
enabling fast and secure handling of financial transactions.
Smart card
A smart card, also known as an integrated circuit card (ICC) or chip card, is a plastic card
embedded with an integrated circuit chip. These chips can store and process data, making smart
cards more secure and versatile than traditional magnetic stripe cards. Smart cards are used for
a wide range of applications, including payment cards, identification cards, access control, and
secure data storage. The embedded chip can store and process information, perform
cryptographic operations, and authenticate the card's holder, enhancing security and
functionality. They are more resistant to fraud and tampering than magnetic stripe cards and are
widely adopted for various applications where security is crucial.
Output devices
Monitor: A monitor, also known as a computer display or screen, is an output device that
displays digital content from a computer. It is used for visually presenting text, images, videos,
and graphical user interfaces to the user. Monitors come in various types, technologies, and
sizes, and they are an essential component of a computer system.
Resolution: Resolution refers to the number of pixels (individual colored dots) that a monitor
can display horizontally and vertically. It's typically expressed as width x height (e.g., 1920 x
1080), and a higher resolution provides a sharper and more detailed image.
Refresh Rate: The refresh rate is the number of times per second that a monitor refreshes the
image on the screen. It's measured in Hertz (Hz). A higher refresh rate, such as 60Hz, 120Hz, or
144Hz, can result in smoother motion in videos and games.
Pixel Pitch: Pixel pitch is the distance between individual pixels. A smaller pixel pitch usually
leads to a sharper image.
Pixel:
A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest individual point or unit of a digital image
displayed on a screen. It represents a single dot of color and is the building block for all images
on digital displays. The resolution of a display is defined by the number of pixels it can
accommodate horizontally and vertically, and a higher pixel density results in sharper and more
detailed images.
Headphones: Headphones provide audio output for individual
listening, making them useful for multimedia, gaming, or private
communication.
Projectors: Projectors are output devices that display computer-
generated content on a large screen or wall, making them useful for
presentations and home theater systems.
Printer
A printer is a peripheral device used to produce physical copies of digital documents or images
on paper or other media. Printers are essential for various applications, including office work,
graphic design, and home use. There are two primary categories of printers: impact and non-
impact.
Impact printer:
An impact printer is a type of printer that creates characters and images on paper by physically
striking an inked ribbon against the paper. These printers use mechanical force to create printed
text or graphics. Impact printers are less common today due to the prevalence of non-impact
(inkjet and laser) printers, but they are still used in specific applications.
Dot Matrix Printers:A dot matrix printer is a type of impact printer that forms characters and
images by striking a ribbon with a matrix of tiny pins or needles, which leave dots on the paper.
This mechanical impact distinguishes it from modern non-impact printers like inkjet and laser
printers.
Daisy Wheel Printers: Daisy wheel printers use a rotating disk with raised characters, similar to a
typewriter. They are slower but produce high-quality text and are suitable for word processing
and letter writing.
Chain printer:
A chain printer is an impact printing device that employs a rotating chain with individual
character shapes to print text on paper. As the chain rotates, hammers strike the paper through
an inked ribbon to produce characters. Chain printers were widely used in early computer
systems and offices for producing documents, reports, and other printed materials due to their
speed and reliability.
Dot matrix printer
Non impact printer
A non-impact printer is a type of printing device that doesn't physically strike the paper to create
images or text. Instead, it uses technologies like inkjet or laser to deposit ink or toner onto the
paper, resulting in quieter and higher-quality prints. Non-impact printers are commonly used in
modern home and office settings for tasks such as document and photo printing.
Inkjet printer:
An inkjet printer is a type of non-impact printer that creates images by spraying tiny droplets of
ink onto paper, making it ideal for color printing and photo quality.
A typical inkjet printer has a resolution of 300 to 600 dots per inch (dpi).
Laser jet printer
A laser jet printer is a type of non-impact printer that produces high-quality prints using laser
technology and toner.
It creates an electrostatic image on a photosensitive drum, which attracts and fuses powdered
toner onto the paper with heat.
Laser jet printers are renowned for their speed and accuracy, making them a preferred choice
for office environments.
The available resolutions range from 300 to 1200 dpi
Laser jet printer
Speaker
A speaker is an audio device that converts electrical signals into sound waves.
It consists of a diaphragm or cone that vibrates in response to the incoming
electrical signals.
These vibrations produce pressure waves in the air, creating audible sound.
Speakers are widely used in audio systems, from small portable devices to large
home theater setups.