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Bio Molecules

The document discusses the four main classes of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the monomers, polymers, and structures of each biomolecule class. For example, it explains that carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides that join to form polysaccharides, and the four types of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. The document also discusses biochemical processes involving biomolecules like polymerization, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis.

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29 views48 pages

Bio Molecules

The document discusses the four main classes of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the monomers, polymers, and structures of each biomolecule class. For example, it explains that carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides that join to form polysaccharides, and the four types of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. The document also discusses biochemical processes involving biomolecules like polymerization, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis.

Uploaded by

2W10
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I wonder

Biomolecules
Human Physiology
The radius of the moon is 1,737km.
How many feet is this equivalent to?
Set up the problem, then use a calculator
to get your answer.
2.54cm = 1inch
I wonder

What is meant by the


term “biomolecule”?
I wonder

How are monomers


bonded together to
form
macromolecules?
I wonder

What are the 4


categories of
biomolecules?
I wonder

What are the 4 types


of polysaccharides?
I wonder

Why can’t we (and


most organisms)
digest cellulose?
I wonder

What is a chemical
reaction?
I wonder

What are the 7


properties of water?
I wonder

What is meant by
“hydrophilic”?
I wonder

What is meant by
“hydrophobic”?
Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons –
meaning they can form up to 4 covalent bonds.
Carbon is therefore an extremely versatile
element and the basis for almost all biological
molecules.
There are 4 classes of biomolecules (aka
macromolecules) – built by repeating smaller units
(monomers). The larger molecules (polymers) are
made of chaining many monomers together.
Polymerization is the process through which a
large number of monomer molecules react together
to form a polymer molecule.
Dehydration synthesis occurs when 2 molecules
(monomers) are joined to form a larger molecule –
following the removal of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which
polymers break down into their constituent
monomers.
Covalent bonds between monomers are broken
using water.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are
composed of monomers
called monosaccharides
(examples include glucose,
galactose, and fructose).
Sucrose (table sugar) is a
disaccharide made up of
glucose and fructose.
Carbohydrates
When many sugars join
together a polysaccharide is
formed. When vast numbers of
sugars combine the result is a
carbohydrate.
There are 4 types of
carbohydrates:
 Starch
 Glycogen
 Cellulose
 Chitin
Carbohydrates
Starch, a polymer of glucose, is used as energy
storage in plants. It is our major dietary source of
glucose and is found in such things as rice, bread,
potatoes, etc.
Carbohydrates
Glycogen, another polymer of glucose, is used as
energy storage in animals. It is found primarily in
muscles and the liver.
Carbohydrates
Cellulose, a straight-
chain polymer of
glucose, is the
structural molecule in
plant cell walls. It is
indigestible for most
organisms (including
humans).
Carbohydrates

Chitin, another
straight-chain polymer
of glucose, is the
structural molecule in
the exoskeletons of
insects and
crustaceans.
Content Cogitation

 What have you learned?


 What have you found interesting?
 What has been challenging to understand?
 What concepts are you curious to know more about?
Lipids Also known as fats – they
are hydrophobic.
There are 3 types
of lipids:
 Triglycerides
 Phospholipids
 Steroids
Lipids
Triglycerides consist of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.
They include:

 Saturated Fatty Acids – all the C-C bonds are single bonds, and
therefore pack tightly together -- making them solid at room
temperature. They are largely found in animals and include such
things as butter and lard.

 Unsaturated Fats – these molecules have 1 or more double bonds


-- making them liquid (oils) at room temperatures. Nearly all are
plant derived.
Lipids Trans Fat (aka partially hydrogenated
vegetable oil) are created through an
industrial process that adds hydrogen to
vegetable oil, causing it to become solid
at room temperatures.

Trans fat is double trouble for heart


health – it raises “bad” cholesterol
(LDL) while also lowering “good
cholesterol (HDL)
Lipids

Phospholipids have a hydrophobic end (2 fatty acids) and


hydrophilic end (phosphate group). As a result, this molecule
can form a lipid bilayer – the major component of cell
membranes.
Lipids

Steroids do not resemble lipids but are considered lipids


because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. They
include testosterone and estrogen, as well as cholesterol.
Talk with your Table Partner

 Polymerization
 Dehydration Synthesis
 Hydrolysis
Talk with your Table Partner

 Monosaccharides
 Disaccharides
 Polysaccharides
Talk with your Table Partner

 Triglycerides
 Phospholipids
 Steroids
Proteins The human body can produce some
2 million different proteins from an
“alphabet” of just 20 different
monomers (amino acids).

Some amino acids can be


synthesized from other molecules in
our bodies (11 nonessential amino
acids) while other must be obtained
only from our diet (9 essential
amino acids)
Proteins

A straight chain of amino acids is


known as a polypeptide. The
sequence of amino acids defines the
protein’s primary structure.
Proteins

It then begins to form a 3-


dimensional shape, known as the
secondary structure. This may
be either an alpha-helix or a
beta-sheet.
Proteins

Tertiary structure describes the


fully formed 3-D structure of a
single polypeptide chain --
which serves the protein’s
function.
Proteins
The quaternary structure of a
protein is the association of
several protein chains into a
closely packed arrangement.
Each of the subunits has its own
1°, 2°, and 3° structure. They are
held together by H-bonds and
van der Waals forces
Proteins
The protein’s amino acid sequence
determines its 3-D structure, which then
defines its function, which include:
 Enzymes – biological catalysts
 Transporters – across cell membrane
 Signaling – between cells
 Cytoskeleton – within a cell
 Muscle Contraction – actin/myosin
Proteins
A protein’s 3-D structure, and therefore its
function, is highly sensitive to changes in
temperature and pH – causing proteins to fall
apart (denature).
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 What concepts are you curious to know more about?
Nucleic Acids
The monomers present
in Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA)and
Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA) are called
nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids
A nucleotide
consists of 3 parts:
a
phosphate group, a
sugar, and a
nitrogenous base
(adenine, cytosine,
guanine,
thymine/uracil).
Nucleic Acids

The purines in DNA/RNA are adenine and guanine. The


pyrimidines in DNA are cytosine and thymine (uracil
substitutes for thymine in RNA).
**Purines are larger than pyrimidines because they have a two-ring
structure while pyrimidines only have a single ring.
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Nucleic Acids
The Austrian-American biochemist Erwin Chargaff discovered that
there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and
between the bases C and G. This is now known as Chargaff’s Rule.
Nucleic Acids
Following Chargaff’s
Rule -- adenine
specifically bonds to
thymine forming two
hydrogen bonds,
whereas cytosine
forms three hydrogen
bonds with guanine.
Nucleic Acids

These 4 bases (A, C, G, T)


produce a code that stores all the
organism’s information – in
groups of 3 known as a codon.
Nucleic Acids
While DNA exists in a stable double strand, RNA is often
single-stranded. The power of DNA lies in its complementarity
– 2 strands paired together (double helix).
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 What has been challenging to understand?
 What concepts are you curious to know more about?

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