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Logic Reporter 3 Razel Kate Romano

This document discusses logic and logical statements. It begins by defining logic as a proper way of thinking about understanding something and distinguishing between simple and compound statements. It then provides examples of different types of sentences like statements, questions, and commands. It discusses logical statements as declarative sentences that are either true or false. The document also covers simple versus compound statements, logic connectives and symbols, writing statements in symbolic form, truth values, and truth tables for negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and biconditional statements.

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roajovert16
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27 views25 pages

Logic Reporter 3 Razel Kate Romano

This document discusses logic and logical statements. It begins by defining logic as a proper way of thinking about understanding something and distinguishing between simple and compound statements. It then provides examples of different types of sentences like statements, questions, and commands. It discusses logical statements as declarative sentences that are either true or false. The document also covers simple versus compound statements, logic connectives and symbols, writing statements in symbolic form, truth values, and truth tables for negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and biconditional statements.

Uploaded by

roajovert16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC

Razel Kate F. Romano


Logic
• A proper or reasonable way of
thinking about or understanding
something.

• A way of thinking about something.


At the end of this presentation, you are expected to:

1. Distinguish between simple and compound statements.


2. Write compound statements in symbolic form and vice versa.
3. Use Truth Values And Truth Tables.
Every language contains different types of sentences, such
as statements, questions, and commands. For instance

• “Is the test today?” – is a question


• “Go get the newspaper.” –is a command
• “She is pretty.”- is an opinion
• “Manila is the capital of the Philippines.”- is a statement
of fact
Logical Statement
A logical statement is a declarative
sentence that is either true or false, but not
both true or false.
EXAMPLE 1: Identify Statements
Determine whether each statement is a logical
statement.
a) How are you?
b) Bulacan is a province in the Philippines.
c) Get me some water.
d) 7055 is a large number.
Simple Statements and
Compound Statements
A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea.
Ex. The color of an apple is red.
The color of a lemon is yellow.

A compound statement is a statement that conveys two or more ideas.


Ex. The color of an apple is red and the color of a lemon is yellow.
Logic Connectives and Symbols
STATEMENT CONNECTIVE SYMBOLIC FORM TYPE OF
STATEMENT
Not p Not ~p Negation

p and q And p∧q Conjunction

p or q or p∨q Disjunction

If p, then q If… then p→q Conditional

P if and only if q If and only if p ⟷q Biconditional


Example 2:
Consider the following simple statements.
p : Today is Friday.
q : The color of the blackboard is green.

~p : Today is not Friday.


~q : The color of the black board is not green.
~(~p): Today is Friday.
p: Today is Sunday.
q: I am doing laundry.
r: I am going to watch a movie.

p ∧q : Today is Sunday and I am doing laundry.

q ∨r : I am doing laundry or I am going to


watch a movie.
~p ∨ r : Today is not Sunday or I am going to
watch a movie.
p : Today is not Sunday.
q : I am doing laundry.

p→q : If today is not Sunday then I am doing


laundry.
q⟷p : I am doing laundry if and only if Today
is not Sunday.
~p→q : If today is Sunday then I am doing
laundry.
LET’S DO THIS: Write Compound
Statements in Symbolic Form.

p: Today is Friday. r: I am going to watch a movie.


s : I am not going to the basketball
q: It is raining. game.

Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.


1. Today is Friday and it is raining.
2. It is not raining and I am going to watch a movie.
3. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to watch a movie.
4. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.
5. If today is not Friday, then I am going to the basketball game.
LET’S CHECK
1. p∧q
2. ~q∧r
3. ~sVr
4. q→s
5. ~p→~s
LET’S DO THIS: Write Symbolic Form in
Compound Statements

p: It is 5 in the morning.
q: They are working.

Write the following symbolic form to compound statement.


1. ~q
2. p∧q
3. p→q
Let’s Check
1. They are not working.
2. It is 5 in the morning and they are working.
3. If it is 5 in the morning then they are working.
Grouping Symbol: Parenthesis
If a compound statement is written in symbolic form, then
parenthesis are used to indicate which simple statements are
grouped together.
Symbolic Form The parenthesis indicate
that:
p∧(qV~r) q and ~r are grouped together.

(p∧q)Vr p and q are grouped together.

(p∧~q)→(rVs) p and ~q are grouped together.


r and s are grouped together.
Grouping Symbol: Commas
If a compound statement is written as an English Sentence, then a comma is
used to indicate which simple statements are grouped together. Statements
on the same side of a comma are grouped together.

English Sentence The comma indicates that:

p, and q or not r. q and ~r are grouped together.

p and q, or r. p and q are grouped together.

If p and not q, the r or s p and ~q are grouped together.


r and s are grouped together.
Example: Translate Compound Statements
Let p,q and r represent the following.
p: You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r: You will receive a bonus

a) Write (p∧q)→r as an English Sentence.


b) Write “if you do not complete the training, then you will not get a
promotion and you will not receive a bonus.” in symbolic form.
Truth Values and Truth Tables
• The Truth Value of a simple statement is either true (T) or
false(F).
• The truth value of a compounds statement depends on the truth
values of its simple statements and connectives.
• A Truth Table is a table that shows the truth value of a
compounds statements for all possible truth values of its simple
statements.
Truth Table for Negation
p ~p

T F

F T

Example:
a) The Philippines is in Asia.
b) Today is Sunday
Truth Table for Conjunction (∧, and)
p q p∧q Example:
T T T a) 2 is a number and 4 is an even number.
b) 5 is an even number and 3 is an odd
T F F
number.

F T F
F F F
Truth table for Disjunction (v, or)
p q pvq Example:
T T T a) All birds can fly or dogs are
mammals.
T F T
b) The Philippines is in Asia or Aurora
province is in the Philippines.
F T T
F F F
Truth Table for Conditional (→, If…
then)
p q p→q
T T T Example:
a) If 5 is greater than 2, then 6 is
T F F
greater than 5.
b) If 5 is an even number, then 3 is an
F T T
even number.
F F T
Truth Table for Biconditional (→, If
and only If)
p q p⟷q
Example:
T T T
a) Lemons are yellow if and only if
T F F apples are red.
b) 5+2=3 if and only if 1+1=2.
F T F
F F T
THANK YOU
SO MUCH

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