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Bio Slide 3

Cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life. Early studies by Schleiden and Schwann established that cells only arise from pre-existing cells and all organisms are composed of cells. Cells come in two basic types - prokaryotic cells which lack nuclei, and eukaryotic cells which have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and have genetic material in the nucleoid, while eukaryotic cells are more complex with organelles like mitochondria and an endomembrane system.

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15 views32 pages

Bio Slide 3

Cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life. Early studies by Schleiden and Schwann established that cells only arise from pre-existing cells and all organisms are composed of cells. Cells come in two basic types - prokaryotic cells which lack nuclei, and eukaryotic cells which have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and have genetic material in the nucleoid, while eukaryotic cells are more complex with organelles like mitochondria and an endomembrane system.

Uploaded by

madalitsohotowa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell as a basic unit

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Victor Ndhlovu PhD


Cell Theory
Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

Early studies of cells were conducted by


- Mathias Schleiden (1838)
- Theodor Schwann (1839)

Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell


Theory.

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Cell Theory
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living things.
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

All cells today represent a continuous line of


descent from the first living cells.

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Cell Theory
Cell size is limited.
-As cell size increases, it takes longer for
material to diffuse from the cell membrane
to the interior of the cell.

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Cell Theory
Microscopes are required to visualize cells.

Light microscopes can resolve structures


that are 200nm apart.
Electron microscopes can resolve
structures that are 0.2nm apart. They are
1000 times the resolving power of light
microscopes
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Cell Theory
All cells have certain structures in common.

1. genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus


2. cytoplasm – a semifluid matrix
3. plasma membrane – a phospholipid bilayer

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• When cells were visualized with
microscopes, two basic cellular
architectures were recognized:
• Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
• These terms refer to the presence or
absence, respectively, of a membrane-
bounded nucleus that contains genetic
material
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound
nucleus.
-genetic material is present in the
nucleoid

Two types of prokaryotes:


-archaea
-bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells possess
-genetic material in the nucleoid
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
-cell wall
-ribosomes
-no membrane-bound organelles

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell walls
-protect the cell and maintain cell shape

Bacterial cell walls


-may be composed of peptidoglycan
-may be Gram positive or Gram negative

Archaean cell walls lack peptidoglycan.


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Prokaryotic Cells
Flagella
-present in some prokaryotic cells
-used for locomotion
-rotary motion propels the cell

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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells
-possess a membrane-bound nucleus
-are more complex than prokaryotic cells
-compartmentalize many cellular functions
within organelles and the
endomembrane system
-possess a cytoskeleton for support and
to maintain cellular structure
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Eukaryotic Cells

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Eukaryotic Cells

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Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
-the site of protein synthesis in the cell
-composed of ribosomal RNA and
proteins
-found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm
and attached to internal membranes

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Endomembrane System
Endomembrane system
-a series of membranes throughout the
cytoplasm
-divides cell into compartments where
different cellular functions occur
1. endoplasmic reticulum
2. Golgi apparatus
3. lysosomes
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Endomembrane System

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Endomembrane System
Golgi apparatus
-flattened stacks of interconnected
membranes
-packaging and distribution of materials to
different parts of the cell
-synthesis of cell wall components

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Endomembrane System
Lysosomes
-membrane bound vesicles containing
digestive enzymes to break down
macromolecules
-destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell
has engulfed by phagocytosis

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Endomembrane System
Microbodies
-membrane bound vesicles
-contain enzymes
-not part of the endomembrane system
-peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes
and catalase

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Endomembrane System
Vacuoles
-membrane-bound structures with various
functions depending on the cell type

There are different types of vacuoles:


-central vacuole in plant cells
-contractile vacuole of some protists
-vacuoles for storage
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
-organelles present in all types of
eukaryotic cells
-contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for
transferring the energy within
macromolecules to ATP
-found in all types of eukaryotic cells

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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
-network of protein fibers found in all
eukaryotic cells
-supports the shape of the cell
-keeps organelles in fixed locations
-helps move materials within the cell

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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton fibers include
-actin filaments – responsible for cellular
contractions, crawling, “pinching”
-microtubules – provide organization to the
cell and move materials within the cell
-intermediate filaments – provide structural
stability

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Cytoskeleton

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Cell Movement
Cell movement takes different forms.
-Crawling is accomplished via actin
filaments and the protein myosin.
-Flagella undulate to move a cell.
-Cilia can be arranged in rows on the
surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell
forward.

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Cell Movement
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells have
a similar structure:

9+2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules


surround 2 central microtubules

Cilia are usually more numerous than


flagella on a cell.
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Cell Movement

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