1

MATHEMATICS
• Foundation of modern day life.
• Simplest form of mathematics.
Four Basic Operations :
• Addition + plus sign
• Subtraction - minus sign
• Multiplication x multiplication sign
• Division ÷ division sign
Equal or Even Values = equal sign
2
 1. Beginning
• Numbers Terminology
– it is a symbol or word used to
express value or quantity.
Hindu-Arabic number system
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Digits - Name given to place or position of
each numeral.

PLACE VALUE CHART

THOUSANDS UNITS Periods
Place
Value

Digits
3
B. WHOLE NUMBERS
1. Addition
• NumberLine
Number Line- Shows numerals in order of value

• Addingon
Adding onthe
theNumber
NumberLine
Line (2 + 3 = 5)

• Addingwith
Adding withpictures
pictures

4
1. Addition (con’t)
• Addingin
Adding incolumns
columns- Uses no equal sign

5 897
+5 + 368
10 1265 Answer is called “sum”.

Simple Complex

Table of Digits

5
 ADDITION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 22 b. 318 c. 611 d. 1021

+ 22 + 421 + 116 + 1210
44 739 727 2231

2. a. 813 b. 920 c. 618 d. 111

+ 265 + 329 + 861 + 946
1088 1250 1479 1057

3. a. 813 b. 121 c. 601 d. 121

222 611 96 621
+ 312 + 221 + 301 + 211
1357 953 908 953

6
 ADDITION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 222 b. 318 c. 611 d. 1021

+ 222 + 421 + 116 + 1210
444 739 727 2231

2. a. 813 b. 924 c. 618 d. 411

+ 267 + 429 + 861 + 946
1080 1353 1479 1357

3. a. 813 b. 1021 c. 611 d. 1021

222 611 96 1621
+ 318 + 421 + 861 + 6211
1353 2053 1568 8853

7
2. Subtraction
• NumberLine
Number Line- Can show subtraction.

Number Line Subtraction with pictures

Position larger numbers above smaller numbers.

If subtracting larger digits from smaller digits, borrow from

next column.
4 1
538
-397
141
8
 SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 6 b. 8 c. 5 d. 9 e. 7
- 3 - 4 - 2 - 5 - 3
3 4 3 4 4

2. a. 11 b. 12 c. 28 d. 33 e. 41
-6 - 4 - 9 - 7 - 8
5 8 19 26 33

3. a. 27 b. 23 c. 86 d. 99 e. 72
- 19 - 14 - 57 - 33 - 65
8 9 29 66 7

9
 SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

4. a. 387 b. 399 c. 847 d. 732

- 241 - 299 - 659 - 687
146 100 188 45

5. a. 3472 b. 312 c. 419 d. 3268

- 495 - 186 - 210 - 3168
2977 126 209 100

6. a. 47 b. 63 c. 47 d. 59
- 38 - 8 - 32 - 48
9 55 15 11

7. a. 372 b. 385 c. 219 d. 368

- 192 - 246 - 191 - 29
180 139 28 339

10
3. Checking Addition and Subtraction
• Check
CheckAddition
Addition- Subtract one of added numbers from sum.
Result should produce other added number.

2 5 73
+8 +3 + 48
10 8 121
-8 -3 - 48
2 5 73
• Check Three or more #s - Add from bottom to top.
927
318

To Check
To Add 426
183
927
• Check
CheckSubtraction
Subtraction - Add subtracted number back.
5 62 103
-4 - 37 - 87
1 25 16
+4 + 37 + 87
5 62 103 11
CHECKING ADDITION & SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 6 b. 9 c. 18 d. 109
+8 +5 + 18 + 236
13 14 26 335

2. a. 87 b. 291 c. 367 d. 28
- 87 - 192 - 212 +5
1 99 55 24

3. a. 34 b. 87 c. 87 d. 21
+ 12 13 13 - 83
46 81 81 104
+ 14 + 14
195 746

4. a. 28 b. 361 c. 2793142
- 16 - 361 - 1361101
22 0 1432141

Check these answers using the method discussed.

12
CHECKING ADDITION & SUBTRACTION PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. a. 6 b. 9 c. 18 d. 109
+8 +5 + 18 + 236
13 14 26 335
- 8 -5 - 18 - 236
5 9 8 99
2. a. 87 b. 291 d. 28
c. 367
- 87 - 192 - 5
- 212
1 99 24
55
+ 87 + 192 +5
+ 212
88 291 267 29

3. a. 34 b. 195 c. 949 d. 21
+ 12 87 103 + 83
46 13 212 104
- 12 81 439 - 83
34 + 14 + 195 21
195 746

4. a. 28 b. 361 c. 2793142
- 16 - 361 - 1361101
22 0 1432141 # = Right
+ 16 + 361 + 1361101 # = Wrong
38 361 2793242

13
4. Multiplication
• InArithmetic
In Arithmetic - Indicated by “times” sign (x).
Learn “Times” Table
6 x 8 = 48

14
4. Multiplication (con’t)
• Complex
Complex Multiplication
Multiplication - Carry result to next column.

Problem: 48 x 23

+2 +2 +1 +1
48 48 48 48

X 23 X 23 X 23 X 23
4 144 144 144
6 960
1104
Same process is used when multiplying
three or four-digit problems.

15
 MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. a. 21 b. 81 c. 64 d. 36
x 4 x 9 x 5 x 3
84 729 320 108

2. a. 87 b. 43 c. 56 d. 99
x7 x 2 x 0 x 6
609 86 0 594

3. a. 24 b. 53 c. 49 d. 55
x 13 x 15 x 26 x 37
312 795 1274 2035

16
 MULTIPLICATION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

4. a. 94 b. 99 c. 34 d. 83
x 73 x 27 x 32 x 69
6862 2673 1088 5727

5. a. 347 b. 843 c. 966

x 21 x 34 x 46
7287 28,662 44,436

6. a. 360 b. 884 c. 111

x 37 x 63 x 19
13,320 55,692 2109

7. a. 493 b. 568 c. 987

x 216 x 432 x 654
106,488 245,376 645,498

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5. Division
• Finding
Findingout
outhow
howmany
manytimes
timesaadivider
divider“goes
“goesinto”
into”aa
whole number.

15 5=3 15 3=5

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5. Division (con’t)
• Shown by
Shown by using
using aa straight
straight bar
bar ““ ““ or
or ““ ““ sign.
sign.

10 5 48 “goes into” 50 one time.

48 5040
48 1 times 48 = 48

2 40 50 minus 48 = 2 & bring down the 4

240 48 goes into 24 zero times.

Bring down other 0.
0 48 goes into 240, five times

5 times 48 = 240
240 minus 240 = 0 remainder
So, 5040 divided by 48 = 105 w/no remainder.
Or it can be stated:
48 “goes into” 5040, “105 times”

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 DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES
105 62 92
1. a. 48 5040 b. 7 434 c. 9 828

13 310 101
2. a. 9 117 b. 12 3720 c. 10 1010

256 687
3. a. 23 5888 b. 56 38472

98 67
4. a. 98 9604 b. 13 871

50 123
5. a. 50 2500 b. 789 97047

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 DIVISION PRACTICE EXERCISES (con’t)

7 9000
6. a. 21 147 b. 3 27000

61 101
7. a. 32 1952 b. 88 8888

67 r 19 858 r 13
8. a. 87 5848 b. 15 12883

12 r 955 22 r 329
9. a. 994 12883 b. 352 8073

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C. FRACTIONS - A smaller part of a whole number.
Written with one number over the other, divided by a line.
3 11 or 3 11
8 16 8 16
Any number smaller than 1, must be a fraction.

Try thinking of the fraction as “so many of a specified number of parts”.

For example: Think of 3/8 as “three of eight parts” or...

Think of 11/16 as “eleven of sixteen parts”.

1. Changing whole numbers to fractions.

Multiply the whole number times the number of parts being
considered.

Changing the whole number 4 to “sixths”:

4 = 4 x 6 = 24 or 24
6 6 6
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CHANGING WHOLE NUMBERS TO FRACTIONS EXERCISES

1. 49 to sevenths = 49 x 7 343 or 343

=
7 7 7

= 40 x 8 320 or 320
2. 40 to eighths =
8 8 8

3. 54 to ninths = 54 x 9 486 or 486

=
9 9 9

4. 27 to thirds = 27 x 3 81 or 81
=
3 3 3

= 12 x 4 48 or 48
5. 12 to fourths =
4 4 4

6. 130 to fifths = 130 x 5 = 650 or 650

5 5 5

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2. Proper and improper fractions.
Proper Fraction - Numerator is smaller number than denominator.
3/4
Improper Fraction - Numerator is greater than or equal to denominator.
15/9

3. Mixed numbers.
Combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.

4. Changing mixed numbers to fractions.

Change 3 7/8 into an improper fraction.
• Change whole number (3) to match fraction (eighths).
3x8 24 24
3 = = or 8
8 8
• Add both fractions together.

24 + 7 = 31
8 8 8

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CHANGING MIXED NUMBERS TO FRACTIONS EXERCISES

1. 4 1/2 = 4x2 =
8
+ 1 = 9
2 2 2 2

24 3 = 27
2. 8 3/4 = 8x4
4
=
4 + 4 4

304 7 = 311
3. 19 7/16 = 19 x 16 =
16 16 + 16 16

7 x 12 = 84 11 = 95
4. 7 11/12 = 12 12 + 12 12

84 9 = 93
5. 6 9/14 =
6 x 14 =
14 14
+ 14 14

320 1 = 321
6. 5 1/64 =
5 x 64 =
64 64 + 64 64

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 5. Changing improper fractions to whole/mixed
numbers.
Change 19/3 into whole/mixed number..
19/3 = 19 3 = 6, remainder 1 = 6 1/3 (a mixed number)

CHANGING IMPROPER FRACTIONS TO WHOLE/MIXED NUMBERS EXERCISES

1. 37/7 = = 37 7 = 5, remainder 2 = 5 2/7 (a mixed number)

2. 44/4 = = 44 4 = 11, no remainder = 11 (a whole number)

3. 23/5 = = 23 5 = 4, remainder 3 = 4 3/5 (a mixed number)

4. 43/9 = = 43 9 = 4, remainder 7 = 4 7/9 (a mixed number)

5. 240/8 = = 240 8 = 30, no remainder = 30 (a whole number)

6. 191/6 = = 191 6 = 31, remainder 5 = 31 5/6 (a mixed number)

26
6. Reducing Fractions
Reducing - Changing to different terms.
Terms - The name for numerator and denominator of a fraction.
Reducing does not change value of original fraction.

7. Reducing to Lower Terms

Divide both numerator and denominator by same number.
.
Example: 3 3 . 3= 1 3
9 = .. 9 & 1 3 Have same value.
9 3= 3

8. Reducing to Lowest Terms

Lowest Terms - 1 is only number which evenly divides both numerator
and denominator.

Example: 16 32 =

. . . .
a. 16 . 2 = 8
. b. 8 .. 2 = 4 c. 4 .. 2 = 2 d. 2 .. 2 = 1
32 . 2 = 16 16 . 2= 8 .
8 2= 4 4 .2= 2

27
 REDUCING TO LOWER/LOWEST TERMS EXERCISES

1. Reduce the following fractions to LOWER terms:

15 .. 5 = 3
a. 15
20 to 4ths = 20 .. 5 = 4
• Divide the original denominator (20) by the desired denominator (4) = 5..
• Then divide both parts of original fraction by that number (5).
36 .. 4 = 9
b. 36 40 to 10ths = 40 .. 4 = 10

.
24 . 6 = 4
c. 24 36 to 6ths = 36 .. 6 = 6

12 .. 4 = 3
d. 12 36 to 9ths = 36 .. 4 = 9

30 .. 3 = 10
e. 30 45 to 15ths = 45 .. 3 = 15

16 .. 4 = 4
f. 16
76 to 19ths = 76 .. 4 = 19

28
 REDUCING TO LOWER/LOWEST TERMS EXERCISES (con’t)

2. Reduce the following fractions to LOWEST terms:

.
6 6 . 2= 3
a. 10 = a.
10 .. 2 = 5

.
3 3 . 3= 1
b. 9 = a.
9 .. 3 = 3

.
6 6 . 2= 3
c. 64 = a.
64 .. 2 = 32

d. 13 32 = Cannot be reduced.

. . .
e. 32 48 = a. 32 . 2 =
64 .. 2 =
16 b. 16 . 2 = 8 c. 8 . 8= 1
32 32 .. 2 = 16 16 .. 8 = 2

. .
f. 16 = a. 16 . 2 = 8 b. 8 . 2= 4
76 76 .. 2 = 38 38 .. 2 = 19

29
9. Common Denominator
Two or more fractions with the same denominator.
1 2 6 7
8 8 8 8
When denominators are not the same, a common denominator is
found by multiplying each denominator together.
1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
6 x 8 x 9 x 12 x 18 x 24 x 36 = 80,621,568

80,621,568 is only one possible common denominator ...

but certainly not the best, or easiest to work with.

10. Least Common Denominator (LCD)

Smallest number into which denominators of a group of two or
more fractions will divide evenly.

30
10. Least Common Denominator (LCD) con’t.
To find the LCD, find the “lowest prime factors” of each denominator.

1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
2x3 2x2x2 3x3 2x3x2 2x3x3 3x2x2x2 2x2x3x3

The most number of times any single factors appears in a set is

multiplied by the most number of time any other factor appears.
(2 x 2 x 2) x (3 x 3) = 72

Remember: If a denominator is a “prime number”, it can’t be

factored except by itself and 1.
LCD Exercises (Find the LCD’s)
1 1 1 1 3 4
1 1 7
6 8 12 12 16 24 10 15 20

2x3 2x2x2 2x3x2 2 x 2 x3 2x2x2x2 3x2x2x2 2x5 3x5 2x2 x5

2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60

31
11. Reducing to LCD
Reducing to LCD can only be done after the LCD itself is known.

1 3 2 5 5 7 1
6 8 9 12 18 24 36
2x3 2x2x2 3x3 2x3x2 2x3x3 3x2x2x2 2x2x3x3

LCD = 72
Divide the LCD by each of the other denominators, then multiply both
the numerator and denominator of the fraction by that result.

1 3 2 5
6 8 9 12
72 .. 6 = 12 72 .. 8 = 9 72 .. 9 = 8 72 .. 12 = 6
1 x 12 = 12 3 x 9 = 27 2 x 8 = 16 5 x 6 = 30
6 x 12 = 72 8 x 9 = 72 9 x 8 = 72 12 x 6 = 72

Remaining fractions are handled in same way.

32
 Reducing to LCD Exercises
Reduce each set of fractions to their LCD.

1 1 1 1 3 4
1 1 7
6 8 12 12 16 24 10 15 20

2x3 2x2x2 2x3x2 2 x 2 x3 2x2x2x2 3x2x2x2 2x5 3x5 2x2 x5

2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 48 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 = 60

. .
24 . 6 = 4 48 . 12 = 4 .
1 1 60 . 10 = 6
3
6 1x4= 4 12 1 x4= 4 10 3 x 6 = 18
6 x 4 = 24 12 x 4 = 48 10 x 6 = 60

. .
24 . 8 = 3 48 . 16 = 3 .
1 1 60 . 15 = 4
4
8 1x3= 3 16 1 x3= 3 15 4 x 4 = 16
8 x 3 = 24 16 x 3 = 48 15 x 4 = 60

. .
24 . 12 = 2 48 . 24 = 2 .
1 1 60 . 20 = 3
7
12 1x2= 2 24 1 x2= 2 20 7 x 3 = 21
12 x 2 = 24 24 x 2 = 48 20 x 3 = 60

33
12. Addition of Fractions
All fractions must have same denominator.
Determine common denominator according to previous process.
Then add fractions.
1 2 3 1
4 + 4 + 4
= 6
4
= 1 2

Always reduce to lowest terms.

13. Addition of Mixed Numbers

Mixed number consists of a whole number and a fraction. (3 1/3)
• Whole numbers are added together first.
• Then determine LCD for fractions.
• Reduce fractions to their LCD.
• Add numerators together and reduce answer to lowest terms.
• Add sum of fractions to the sum of whole numbers.

34
 Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Add the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing answers to lowest terms.

3 3
1.
4 + 4
= 2. 2
5 + 7
10
=
6
4
= 11 2 4
+ 7
10
=
11
10
10
1
=1 10

9 2
3.
32 + 15
16 = 4. 5 5 + 13 4 =
9 30 39 5+1=6
32 + 32 = 32
8 15 23
7 20 + 20
= 20
=1 32
3 3
=1 20 + 6 =7 20

35
14. Subtraction of Fractions
Similar to adding, in that a common denominator must be found first.
Then subtract one numerator from the other.
20 14 6
24
- 24
= 24
5 1
To subtract fractions with different denominators: ( 16
- 4
)
• Find the LCD...

5 1
16
- 4
2x2x2x2 2x2
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16
• Change the fractions to the LCD...
5 4
16
- 16

• Subtract the numerators...

5 4 1
16
- 16
= 16

36
15. Subtraction of Mixed Numbers
• Subtract the fractions first. (Determine LCD)

10
2
3 - 412
3 x 2 = 6 (LCD)
• Divide the LCD by denominator of each fraction.
.
6 . 3=2 6 .. 2 = 3
• Multiply numerator and denominator by their respective numbers.
2 2 = 4 1 3 = 3
3 x 2 6 2 x 3 6
• Subtract the fractions.
4 3 = 1
6 - 6 6
• Subtract the whole numbers.
10 - 4 = 6
• Add whole number and fraction together to form complete answer.
1 1
6 + 6 = 6 6

37
15. Subtraction of Mixed Numbers (con’t)
Borrowing
• Subtract the fractions first. (Determine LCD)
1
5 16 - 3
3
8
becomes
5
1
16 - 3 6 16
(LCD) = 16
• Six-sixteenths cannot be subtracted from one-sixteenth, so
1 unit ( 16 ) is borrowed from the 5 units, leaving 4.
16

• Add 16 to 1 and problem becomes:

16 16

4
17
16 - 3 6 16
• Subtract the fractions.
17
- 6 = 11
16 16 16
• Subtract the whole numbers.
4-3=1
• Add whole number and fraction together to form complete answer.
11 11
1 + 16 = 1 16
38
 Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Subtract the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing answers to lowest
terms.

2 1
1.
5 - 1
3
= 4. 33 3 - 15 2 5 =
5
6
15
- 5
15
=1
15
33 15 - 15 615 =
20 6
32 15 - 15 15
= 1714
15

2. 5
8 - 3
12
= 5. 101 - 57 1516 =
1
4
4 15
15
- 6 =9 =3 101 16 - 57 16 =
24 24 24 8
20
100 16 - 57 1516 = 43 516
2
3. 47 5 - 28 13 = 6. 14 3
- 10 5 12 =
4
6 5
47 15 - 28 15
= 19 115 9 5 4
14 12 - 10 12 = 4 12 = 4 13

39
16. MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
• Common denominator not required for multiplication.
3 4
4 X 16

1. First, multiply the numerators.

3 4 12
4 X 16 = =

2. Then, multiply the denominators.

3 4 12
4 X 16 = 64
=

3. Reduce answer to its lowest terms.

12
64
.. 4
= 3
4 16

40
17. Multiplying Fractions & Whole/Mixed Numbers
• Change to an improper fraction before multiplication.
3
4 X 4
1. First, the whole number (4) is changed to improper fraction.
4
1

2. Then, multiply the numerators and denominators.

3 4 12
4 X 1 = 4

3. Reduce answer to its lowest terms.

12
4
.. 4
= 3
= 3
4 1

41
18. Cancellation
• Makes multiplying fractions easier.
• If numerator of one of fractions and denominator of other
fraction can be evenly divided by the same number, they can
be reduced, or cancelled.
Example:
8 X 5 = 18
3 X 5 =
16 3 16
2
1 X 5 = 5
3 2 6

Cancellation can be done on both parts of a fraction.

1 1
12 1 X 1 = 1
X 3 =
21 24 7 2 14
7 2

42
Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers Exercises
Multiply the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers. Reduce
to lowest terms.
1. 3 X 4 = 3
4 16 16
2. 26 X 126 = 1

3. 4 = 2 2 4. 9 X 2 = 1 1
5 X 3 5 5 5
3

5. 35 4 1 6. 9 X 3 = 27
4 X 35 = 10 5 50

7. 16 X 7 = 7 8. 2 5 = 10
12 72 3 X 11 33

77
9. 5 X 15 = 25 23

43
19. Division of Fractions
• Actually done by multiplication, by inverting divisors.
• The sign “ “ means “divided by” and the fraction to the
right of the sign is always the divisor.
Example:
3 1 becomes 3 5 = 15 = 3 3
4 5 4 X 4 4
1
20. Division of Fractions and Whole/Mixed Numbers
• Whole and mixed numbers must be changed to improper fractions.
Example:

3 316 2 1 becomes 16 X 3 + 3 =
51
16 2 X8 + 1 =
17
8 16 and 8 8
3 1
51 17 51 8
= 32 X 1
Inverts to X = 51 8
16 8 17 X
16 16 17 1
2 1

3 1 3 1 Double
2X 1 = 2 = 1 2 Cancellation
44
Dividing Fractions,Whole/Mixed Numbers Exercises
Divide the following fraction, whole & mixed numbers. Reduce
to lowest terms.
3 =
1. 5
8
3 = 1
1 4 2. 51
16 8 8 12
6

1 = 144 7
3. 18 8 4. 15 12 = 25 57

14 7 =
5.
3 4 2 23

45
D. DECIMAL NUMBERS
1. Decimal System
• System of numbers based on ten (10).
• Decimal fraction has a denominator of 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Written on one line as a whole number, with a period (decimal point) in

front.
5 = 5 5
10 .5 100 = .05 1000 = .005

3 digits

.999 is the same as 999

1000
(1+ same number of zeros

as digits in numerator)

46
 2. Reading and Writing Decimals

5 710 is written 5.7

Whole Number Decimal Fraction (Tenths)

7
55 100 is written 55.07
Whole Number Decimal Fraction (Hundredths)
Decimal Fraction (Tenths)

77
555 1000 is written 555.077
Whole Number
Decimal Fraction (Thousandths)
Decimal Fraction (Hundredths)
Decimal Fraction (Tenths)

47
2. Reading and Writing Decimals (con’t)
• Decimals are read to the right of the decimal point.

.63 is read as “sixty-three hundredths.”

.136 is read as “one hundred thirty-six thousandths.”

.5625 is read as “five thousand six hundred twenty-five

ten-thousandths.”

3.5 is read “three and five tenths.”

• Whole numbers and decimals are abbreviated.

6.625 is spoken as “six, point six two five.”

One place .0 tenths

Two places .00 hundredths
Three places .000 thousandths
Four places .0000 ten-thousandths
Five places .00000 hundred-thousandths

48
3. Addition of Decimals

• Addition of decimals is same as addition of whole

numbers except for the location of the decimal
point. Add .865 + 1.3 + 375.006 + 71.1357 + 735
• Align numbers so all decimal points are in a vertical column.
• Add each column same as regular addition of whole numbers.
• Place decimal point in same column as it appears with each number.

.865 0
1.3 000 “Add zeros to help eliminate errors.”
375.0060
71.1357
+ 735. 0000 “Then, add each column.”
1183.3067

49
4. Subtraction of Decimals

• Subtraction of decimals is same as subtraction of whole

numbers except for the location of the decimal point.
Solve: 62.1251 - 24.102

• Write the numbers so the decimal points are under each other.
• Subtract each column same as regular subtraction of whole numbers.
• Place decimal point in same column as it appears with each number.

62.1251
“Add zeros to help eliminate errors.”
- 24.1020
38.0231
“Then, subtract each column.”

50
5. Multiplication of Decimals

Rules For Multiplying Decimals

• Multiply the same as whole numbers.
• Count the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal
point in both numbers.
• Position the decimal point in the answer by starting at the
extreme right digit and counting as many places to the left as
there are in the total number of decimal places found in both numbers.

Solve: 38.639 X 2.08

Decimal point 3 places over.
3 8 .6 3 9
x 2.0 8 Decimal point 2 places over.

306 952
7727 8 00 “Add zeros to help eliminate errors.”
8 0.3 4 7 5 2 “Then, add the numbers.”

Place decimal point 5 places over from right.

51
 6. Division of Decimals
Rules For Dividing Decimals

• Place number to be divided (dividend) inside the division box.

• Place divisor outside.
• Move decimal point in divisor to extreme right. (Becomes whole number)
• Move decimal point same number of places in dividend. (NOTE: zeros
are added in dividend if it has fewer digits than divisor).
• Mark position of decimal point in answer (quotient) directly above decimal
point in dividend.
• Divide as whole numbers - place each figure in quotient directly above
digit involved in dividend.
• Add zeros after the decimal point in the dividend if it cannot be divided
evenly by the divisor.
• Continue division until quotient has as many places as required for the
answer.

Solve: 123.573 137.4

52
6. Division of Decimals

.8 993
137. 4. 1 2 3 . 5. 7 3 0 0
109 92
13 653
12 366
1 2870
1 2366
5040
4122
918 remainder

53
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
“WORK ALL 4 SECTIONS (+, , X, )
1. Add the following decimals.
a. .6 + 1.3 + 2.8 = 4.7
b. 72.8 + 164.02 + 174.01 = 410.83
c. 185.7 + 83.02 + 9.013 = 277.733
d. 0.93006 + 0.00850 + 3315.06 + 2.0875 = 3318.08606
2. Subtract the following decimals.
a. 2.0666 - 1.3981 = 0.6685
b. 18.16 - 9.104 = 9.056
c. 1.0224 - .9428 = 0.0796
d. 1.22 - 1.01 = 0.21 g. 1347.008 - 108.134 = 1238.874

e. 0.6 - .124 = 0.467 h. 111.010 - 12.163 = 98.847

f. 18.4 - 18.1 = 0.3 i. 64.7 - 24.0 = 40.7
54
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
3. Multiply the following decimals.
a. 3.01 b. 21.3 c. 1.6
x 6.20 x 1.2 x 1.6
18.662 25.56 2.56

d. 83.061 e. 1.64 f. 44.02

x 2.4 x 1.2 x 6.01
199.3464 1.968 264.5602

g. 63.12 h. 183.1 i. 68.14

x 1.12 x .23 x 23.6
70.6944 42.113 1608.104

55
 Decimal Number Practice Exercises
4. Divide the following decimals.

3 0.5 5.7875
a. 1.4 4 2.7 0 b. .8 4.6 3000

517 1.1 1 3 1
c. 1.2 6 2 0.4 d. 6 6.6 7 8 6

10 0
e. 1.1 110.0

56
E. CHANGING FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS
A fraction can be changed to a decimal by dividing the
numerator by the denominator.
3 .75
Change 4 to a decimal. 4 3.0
Decimal Number Practice Exercises
Write the following fractions and mixed numbers as decimals.

a. 6 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1 e. 1
10 5 5 5 2
.6 .6 .8 .2 .5

f. 8 g. 7 h. 15 i. 7 j. 12
20 20 20 25 25
.4 .35 .75 .28 .48

k. 17 l. 49 9 1 15
20 50
m. 1 10 n. 1 25 o. 6 25
.85 .98 1.9 1.04 6.6
57
F. PERCENTAGES
1. Percents
• Used to show how many parts of a total are taken out.
• Short way of saying “by the hundred or hundredths part of the whole”.
• The symbol % is used to indicate percent.
• Often displayed as diagrams.
4/4 = 100%
100 Equal Squares = 100%

1/4 1/4
or
1/4 1/4

25% or 25/100
25/100 = 25%

To change a decimal to a %, move decimal point two places to

right and write percent sign.
.15 = 15% “Zeros may be needed to hold place”.
.55 = 55%
.8 = 80%
.853 = 85.3%
1.02 = 102%
58
Percents Practice Exercises
Write as a decimal.
1. .35
35% = _________

2. .14
14% = _________

3. .585
58.5% = _________

4. .1745
17.45% = __________

5. 5% = _________
.05

Write as a percent.

6. .75 = ______%
75

7. 40
0.40 = _____%

8. 0.4 =_______%
40

9. .4 = _______%
40

59
 Rules For Any Equivalent
To convert a number to its decimal equivalent, multiply by 0.01
Change 6 1/4% to its decimal equivalent.
• Change the mixed number to an improper fraction, then divide
the
numerator
6 1/4 =by25/4
the =denominator.
6.25
• Now multiply the answer (6.25) times 0.01
6 .25 x 0.01 = 0.0625

Rules For Finding Any Percent of Any Number

• Convert the percent into its decimal equivalent.
• Multiply the given number by this equivalent.
• Point off the same number of spaces in answer as in both numbers multiplied.
• Label answer with appropriate unit measure if applicable.
Find 16% of 1028 square inches.

16 x .01 = .16
1028 x 0.16 = 164.48
Label answer: 164.48 square inches

60
2. Percentage
• Refers to value of any percent of a given number.
• First number is called “base”.
• Second number called “rate”... Refers to percent taken from base.
• Third number called “percentage”.
Rule: The product of the base, times the rate, equals the percentage.
Percentage = Base x Rate or P=B xR
NOTE: Rate must always be in decimal form.
To find the formula for a desired quantity, cover it and the
remaining factors indicate the correct operation.

Only three types of percent problems exist.

1. Find the amount or rate. R=PxB

R
2. Find the percentage. P= R
P B B

3. Find the base. B= R

P

61
 Percents Practice Exercises
1. Determine the rate or amount for each problem A through E for the
values given.

A. B. C. D. E.
3268.5
1875 Square $ 875.00
BASE 2400 lbs 148 feet
gallons inches
PERCENT-
AGE 80% 45% 15% 4 1/2% 19.5%
1920 lbs. 843.75 Gal. 22.2 feet 147.08 sq.in. $170.63
A. B. C. D. E.
2. The labor and material for renovating a building totaled $25,475. Of this amount,
70% went for labor and the balance for materials. Determine: (a) the labor cost,
and (b) the material cost.
a. $17,832.50 (labor) b. $ 7642.50 (materials)
3. 35% of 82 = 28.7 4.32
4. 14% of 28 =
5. Sales tax is 9%. Your purchase is $4.50. How much do you owe? $4.91

6. You have 165 seconds to finish your task. At what point are you 70%
finished? 115.5 seconds
7. You make $14.00 per hour. You receive a 5% cost of living raise. How
much raise per hour did you get? How much per hour are you making
now? $.70 /hr raise Making $14.70 /hr
62
G. APPLYING MATH TO THE REAL WORLD

1. 18 x 12 = 216

2. 240 x 8 = 30

3. 3.5 + 8.5 + 12 + 2.5 + 15 = 41.5

55 - 41.5 = 13.5 gallons more

4. 1.5 x 0.8 = 1.2 mm

5. 5 x .20 = 1 inch

6. 2400 divided by 6 = 400 per person

400 divided by 5 days = 80 per day per person

7. 6 x 200 = 1200 sq. ft. divided by 400 = 3 cans of dye

8. 2mm x .97 = 1.94 min 2mm x 1.03 = 2.06 max

63
 H. METRICS
1. Metrication
• Denotes process of changing from English weights and measures
to the Metric system.
• U.S. is only major country not using metrics as standard system.
• Many industries use metrics and others are changing.

Metric Prefixes:
Kilo = 1000 units
Hecto = 100 units
Deka = 10 units
deci = 0.1 unit (one-tenth of the unit)
centi = 0.01 (one-hundredth of the unit)
milli = 0.001 (one thousandth of the unit)

Most commonly used prefixes are Kilo, centi, and milli.

64
 A. Advantages of Metric System
• Based on decimal system.
• No fractions or mixed numbers
• Easier to teach.

Example 1:
Using three pieces of masking tape of the following English measurement lengths:
4 1/8 inches, 7 6/16 inches, and 2 3/4 inches, determine the total length of the tape.
Step 1: Find the least common
denominator (16). This
is done because unequal
fractions can’t be added.
Step 2: Convert all fractions to the 4 1/8 = 4 2/16
least common denominator. 7 9/16 = 7 9/16
2 3/4 = 2 12/16

Step 3: Add to find the sum. 13 23/16

Step 4: Change sum to nearest 14 7/16

whole number.

“Now, compare with Example 2 using Metrics”.

65
 b. Advantages of Metric System

Example 2:
Using three pieces of masking tape of the following lengths: 85 mm, 19.4 cm, and
57 mm, determine the total length of the tape.
Step 1: Millimeters and centimeters
cannot be added, so convert
to all mm or cm.

Step 2: Add to find the sum.

85mm = 85mm 85mm = 8.5cm

19.4cm = 194mm or 19.4cm = 19.4cm
57mm = 57mm 57mm = 5.7cm
336 mm 33.6 cm

“MUCH EASIER”

66
2. Metric Abbreviations
• Drawings must contain dimensions.
• Words like “inches, feet, millimeters, & centimeters take too much space.
• Abbreviations are necessary.

Metric Abbreviations:
mm = millimeter = one-thousandth of a meter
cm = centimeter = one-hundredth of a meter
Km = Kilometer = one thousand meters

Dimensioned Drawing Dimensioned Drawing with

Note for Standard Units
30mm

30
12mm

12
76 25
76mm 25mm

SLIDE BLOCK SLIDE BLOCK

NOTE: All dimensions are in millimeters.

67
3. The Metric Scale
• Based on decimal system. Easy to read.
• Graduated in millimeters and centimeters.
Metric Scales

110mm or 11.0cm

8.35cm or 83.5mm

• Both scales graduated the same... Numbering is different.

• Always look for the abbreviation when using metric scales.
• Always place “0” at the starting point and read to end point.

68
Metric Measurement Practice Exercises
Using a metric scale, measure the lines and record their length.

a. 109 mm
_______
b. 81.5 mm
_______
c. 3.1
_______ cm
d. 103 mm
_______
e. 6.3
_______ cm
f. 80.5 mm
_______
g. 10.85 cm
_______
h. 23
_______ mm
i. 91.5 mm
_______
j. 4.25 cm
_______

69
4. Comparisons and Conversions
• Manufacturing is global business.
• Metrics are everywhere.
• Useful to be able to convert.

Compare the following:

One Yard: About the length between your nose and the end
of your right hand with your arm extended.

One Meter: About the length between your left ear and the
end of your right hand with your arm extended.

One Centimeter: About the width of the fingernail on your pinky

finger.

One Inch: About the length between the knuckle and the
end of your index finger.

70
 U.S. Customary and Metric Comparisons
Length:
A Kilometer is a little over 1/2 mile - .62 miles to be more precise.
Mile
Kilometer

A centimeter is about 3/8 inch.

Weight:
A paper clip weighs about one gram.

A nickel weighs about five grams.

A Kilogram is 2.2 pounds. - Two packs

of butter plus about 1 stick.

71
 U.S. Customary and Metric Comparisons
Capacity:
One liter and one quart are approximately the same.

There are about 5 milliliters in a teaspoon.

1 liter

Pressure is measured in newton meters instead of foot pounds.

Thousandths Equivalent Units:

Hundredths
Thousands
Hundreds

Place Value
Tenths

To change to a smaller unit,

Ones
Tens

move decimal to right.

To change to a larger unit,
base unit

Prefix move decimal to left.

Hecto
Deka

centi
deci

milli
Kilo

72
 Changing to a Smaller Unit

Thousandths
Hundredths
Thousands
15000 milliliters (ml)
15 liters = ________

Hundreds
•

Tenths
Count the number of places from the base unit

Ones
Tens
to “milli”. There are 3 places.

base unit • Move the decimal 3 places to the right.

Hecto

15 liters = 15.000 liters = 15000ml

Deka

centi
deci

milli
Kilo

Changing to a Larger Unit

.150 Kilograms (Kg)
150 grams (g) = _____
• Count the number of places from the base unit
to “Kilo”. There are 3 places.

• Move the decimal 3 places to the left.

150 grams = 150.00 grams = 0.150 Kg

73
 Comparison and Conversion Practice Exercises

1. 1000
1 liter = _______ ml
2. 6000 ml = _______6liters
3. 10 cm = _______100
mm
4. 5.0
500 cm = _______ m
5. 4 Kg = _______4000
g
6. 55 ml = _______.055
liters
7. 8500
8.5 Km = _______ m
8. 6.2 cm = _______62
mm
9. .0562
0.562 mm = _______ cm
750
10. 75 cm = _______ mm

74
5. Conversion Factors
Conversion Table for Length

Conversion Table for Area

75
5. Conversion Factors
Conversion of Volume
• Volume measures the total space occupied by three-dimensional
objects or substances.
• Volume of six-sided spaces is calculated as “length x width x height”.
• Volume of spheres and cylinders is more complicated.
• Term “cubic” is used because it is a math function involving 3 factors.

2ft x 4ft x 3ft = 24 Cubic Feet

English
1 cubic inch = 1 cubic inch
1 cubic foot = 1728 cubic inches (12 x 12 x 12)
1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet (3 x 3 x 3)

Metric
1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters (100 x 100 x 100)
1 foot = .305 meters
and
1 meter = 3.28 feet

Factors can be converted before or after initial calculation.

76
5. Conversion Factors (con’t)
Conversion Table for Pressure

Conversion Table for Weight

77
5. Conversion Factors (con’t)
To convert between Celsius and Fahrenheit:
Fahrenheit to Celsius . . . . (oF-32) x 5/9 = oC

Celsius to Fahrenheit . . . . (oC x 9/5) + 32 = oF

Conversion Table for Temperature

78
 Metric System Practice Exercises
1. Which one of the following is not a metric measurement?
a. millimeter
b. centimeter
c. square feet
d. cm

2. Milli - is the prefix for which one of the following?

a. 100 ones
b. 0.001 unit
c. 0.0001 unit
d. 0.00001 unit

3. How long are lines A and B in this figure? A

A = 53 mm, or 5.3 cm
B = 38 mm, or 3.8 cm

B
4. How long is the line below? (Express in metric units).
69 mm

5. Convert the following:

a. 1000
1 meter = __________millimeters
b. 50
5 cm = ____________millimeters
c. 1.2
12 mm = ___________centimeters
d. 700
7m = _____________centimeters

79
H. THE CALCULATOR
• Functions vary from one manufacturer to the next.
• Most have same basic functions.
• More advanced scientific models have complicated
applications.
• Solar models powered by sunlight or normal indoor
light.
1. Basic Keys:
On/Off Key: Turns calculator on or off. Solar unit will not have “off” key..
C/AC: Press once ( C ) to clear last entry - Press twice (AC) to clear all functions.
Key: Controls the division function.
X Key: Controls the multiplication function.
- Key: Controls the subtraction function.
+ Key: Controls the addition function.
Key: Controls the square root function.
M+ Key: Adds a number or function to the memory register, to be recalled later.
M- Key: Subtracts number or function from memory register.
MR Key: Memory Recall recalls function stored in register.
MC Key: Memory Clear clears or erases all contents from memory.
% Key: Controls the percentage functions 80
2. Calculator Functions:
• Cannot give correct answer if given the wrong information or command.
• Decimals must be placed properly when entering numbers.
• Wrong entries can be cleared by using the C/AC button.
• Calculators usually provide a running total.
ADDITION
Add 3, 8, 9, and 14.

Step 1: Press “3” key - number 3 appears on screen..

Step 2: Press “+” key - number 3 remains on screen.
Step 3: Press “8” key - number 8 appears on screen.
Step 4: Press “+” key - running total of “11” appears on screen.
Step 5: Press the “9” key - number 9 appears on screen.
Step 6: Press “+” key - running total of “20” appears on screen.
Step 7: Press “1 & 4” keys - number 14 appears on screen.
Step 8: Press the = key - number 34 appears. This is the answer.

In step 8, pressing the + key would have displayed the total. Pressing the
= key stops the running total function and ends the overall calculation.

81
 Calculator Addition Exercise
Use the calculator to add the following.

1. .06783 2. 154758 3. 12.54 + 932.67 + 13.4

.49160 3906 = 958.61
.76841 4123
.02134 5434
+ .87013 + 76
2.21931 168297

82
 SUBTRACTION
SUBTRACT 25 FROM 187.

Step 1: Press 1, 8, and 7 keys - number 187 appears on screen..

Step 2: Press “-” key - number 187 remains on screen.
Step 3: Press 2 & 5 keys- number 25 appears on screen.
Step 4: Press “=” key - number 162 appears on screen. This is the answer.

In step 4, pressing the - key would have displayed the total.

Calculator Subtraction Exercise

Use the calculator to subtract the following.

1. .0543 2. .0578 3. 179853 - 4327

- .0532 - .0463 = 175526
0.0011 0.0115

83
 MULTIPLICATION
MULIPLY 342 BY 174.

Step 1: Press 3, 4, and 2 keys - number 342 appears on screen..

Step 2: Press “X” key - number 342 remains on screen.
Step 3: Press 1, 7 & 4 keys- number 174 appears on screen.
Step 4: Press “=” key - number 59508 appears on screen. This is the answer.

Calculator Multiplication Exercise

Use the calculator to multiply the following.

1. 2.45 2. 60.8 3. 12.8976 x 43.7 x 12.01

x 16 x 19 = 6769.1376912
40.64 1155.2

84
 DIVISION
DIVIDE 66 BY 12.3

Step 1: Press the 6 key twice - number 66 appears on screen..

Step 2: Press “ ” key - number 66 remains on screen.
Step 3: Press 1, 2,. (decimal), & 3 keys- number 12.3 appears on screen.
Step 4: Press “=” key - number 5.3659 appears on screen. This is the answer.

Calculator Division Exercise

Use the calculator to divide the following.

1. .2961 5 2. 13.5678 11.1 3. .1765 .5

= 0.05922 = 1.22232 = 0.353

85
 PERCENTAGES
FIND 1.3% OF 50

Step 1: Press the 5 and 0 keys - number 50 appears on screen..

Step 2: Press “ x ” key - number 50 remains on screen.
Step 3: Press 1, . (decimal), & 3 keys- number 1.3 appears on screen.
Step 4: Press “%” key - number .065 appears on screen. This is the answer.

Calculator Percentages Exercise

Use the calculator to find the following percentages.

1. Find 5% of: 2. Find 10% of: 3. Find 26% of

a. 150 = 7.5 a. 1250 = 125 a. 260 = 67.6

b. 675 = 33.75 b. 871 = 87.1 b. 212 = 55.12

c. 100 =5 c. 202 = 20.2 c. 1817 = 472.42

86
87