Introduction

• A computer is an electronic data processing

device, which accepts and stores data input,
processes the data input, and generates the
output in a required format.
 Basic Organization of Computer
Central Process Unit
Output

Control Unit

Input
Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Memory Unit Storage

 History
• Since the evolution of
humans, devices have been
used for calculations for
thousands of years.
• One of the earliest and most
well-known devices was
an abacus.
 Early History of Computer
• Then in 1822, the father of
computers, Charles
Babbage began developing what
would be the first mechanical
computer.
• And then in 1833 he
actually designed an
Analytical Engine which
was a general-purpose
computer.
• It contained an ALU, some
basic flow chart principles
and the concept of
integrated memory.
• Then more than a century later in the history
of computers, we got our first electronic
computer for general purpose.
• It was the ENIAC, which stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer. The
inventors of this computer were John W.
Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert.
 1 Generation of Computer
st

• 1st Generation: This was

from the period of 1940 to
1955.
• This was when machine
language was developed for
the use of computers.
• They used vacuum tubes for
the circuitry.
• For the purpose of memory,
they used magnetic drums.
• These machines were
complicated, large, and
expensive.
• They were mostly reliant on
batch operating systems and
punch cards.
• As output and input devices,
magnetic tape and paper
tape were implemented.
• These Computers were slow
and generated a lot of heat.
– For example, ENIAC, UNIVAC-
1, EDVAC, IBM 701 and so on.
2nd Generation
• 2nd Generation: The
years 1957-1963
• Here they advanced from
vacuum tubes to
transistors.
• This made the computers
smaller, faster and more
energy-efficient.
• In second-generation computers, COBOL and
FORTRAN are employed as assembly
languages and programming languages.

– Example: IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC

3600, and so forth.
 3rd Generation:
• 3rd Generation: The hallmark of this
period (1964-1971) was the development
of the integrated circuit.
• A single integrated circuit (IC) is made up
of many transistors, which increases the
power of a computer while
simultaneously lowering its cost.
• These computers were quicker, smaller,
more reliable, and less expensive than
their predecessors.
• High-level programming languages such
as FORTRON-II to IV, COBOL, and PASCAL
PL/1 were utilized.
 4th Generation:
• The invention of the microprocessors
brought along the fourth generation
of computers.
• The years 1971-1980 were
dominated by fourth generation
computers.
• C, C++ and Java were the
programming languages utilized in
this generation of computers.
• This was when we started producing
computers for home use.
 5th Generation:
• These computers have been utilized since 1980 and continue
to be used now.
• This is the present and the future of the computer world.
• The defining aspect of this generation is artificial intelligence.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors are
making this a reality and provide a lot of scope for the future.
• Fifth-generation computers use ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology.
• These are the most recent and sophisticated computers. C, C+
+, Java,.Net, and more programming languages are used. For
instance, IBM, Pentium, Desktop, Laptop, Notebook,
Ultrabook, and so on.
CLASSIFICATION
OF COMPUTERS
1-By Type
2- By Size
3- By Purpose
By Type:

1- Analog Computer

2-Digital Computer

3- Hybrid Computer
Analog Computer:

• An analog computer processes

continuous data using physical
quantities and mechanisms.
• It shows results in graphical form.
Digital Computer:

• A digital computer is an electronic device that

processes digits or number
Hybrid Computer:
• A hybrid computer combines features of both
analog and digital computer for processing
diverse types of data.
Basic Anatomy: Hardware and Software
 Hardware
• Hardware is the physical components of a
computer that includes all mechanical,
electrical, electronic and magnetic parts
attached to it. A computer consists of the
following major hardware components:
– Input and output devices
– Central processing unit (CPU)
– Memory unit and storage devices
– Interface unit
Input devices
• The data and instructions are typed,
submitted, or transmitted to a computer
through input devices.
Keyboard: Keyboard is like a
type-writer. A keyboard,
normally, consists of 104
keys. These keys are
classified into different
categories which are briefly
described below.
 Mouse
• A mouse is the pointing device attached to a
computer.
• It is used to move the cursor around the screen
and to point to an object (such as icon, menu,
command button etc.)
• It has two or three buttons for clicking.
• The mouse tracks the motion of the mouse pointer
and senses the clicks and sends them to the
computer so it can respond appropriately.
• The mouse can be connected to the system either
through a USB connector or wirelessly through
infrared radiation. A wireless mouse needs to be
powered through batteries.
 Scanner
• A scanner is a device
that captures pictures or
documents so that they
can be stored in storage
devices, seen on the
video screen, modified
suitably, transported to
other computers, or
printed on a printer.
Joystick
 Output devices
• Output devices mirror the input data, or show
the output results of the operations on the
input data or print the data.
 Monitor
• Monitor Computer display devices are
commonly known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
or monitor.

LED (liquid Electronic display)

LCD (liquid crystal display)

CRT (Cathode-ray tube)
Printer
• The printer is a device that prints any data, report,
document, picture, diagrams, etc. Printers are categorized
based on the physical contact of the print head with the
paper to produce a text or an image.
Speaker
 Central processing unit (CPU)
• Central Processing Unit or CPU can be thought
of as the brain of the computer.
• Most of the processing takes place in CPU.
• During processing, it locates and executes the
program instructions.
• It also fetches data from memory and
input/output devices and sends data back.
CPU
 Motherboard
• All the components in the computer system
are mounted and connected together by an
electronic circuit board called motherboard
or main board.
• To make all these things work together the
motherboard provides some kind of physical
connection among them.
 Software
• Software is a set of instructions, data or
programs used to operate computers and
execute specific tasks.
• It is the opposite of hardware, which describes
the physical aspects of a computer.
• Software is a generic term used to refer to
applications, scripts and programs that run on
a device.
Types of Software

System

Application

Utility
 System Software
• System software is a type of computer
program that is designed to run a computer's
hardware and application programs.
• System software is the interface between the
hardware and user applications.
• The operating system is the best-known
example of system software.
 Operating System
• Operating System (OS) is a set of programs
that controls the hardware of a computer and
enables it to communicate and operate with
the computer software.
• As a computer understand and receives
instruction only in machine language, the OS
converts the input and instruction given by a
user into the machine language that can be
understand by the computer.
Operating System
 Types of OS
• Real-time operating system
• Single-User/Single-Tasking operating system
• Single-User/Multitasking operating system
• Multi-User/Multitasking operating system
 Real-time operating system
• Allows a computer to control or monitor tasks
performed by other machine and users by
responding to the input data in the required
amount of time.
 Single-User/Single-Tasking OS
• An operating system that allows a single user
to perform only one task at a time is called a
Single-User Single-Tasking Operating System.
• Functions like printing a document,
downloading images, etc., can be performed
only one at a time. Examples include MS-DOS,
etc
 Single-User/Multitasking OS
• An operating system that allows a single user to
perform more than one task at a time is called
Single-User Multitasking Operating System.
Examples include Microsoft Windows and
Macintosh OS.
 Multiuser/Multitasking OS
• It is an operating system that
permits several users to
utilize the programs that are
concurrently running on a
single network server.
• The single network server is
termed as "Terminal server".
"Terminal client" is a software
that supports user sessions.
Examples include UNIX, MVS,
etc.
 Operating System Management Tasks
• Processor management
• Memory management
• Device management
• Storage
• Security
Types of Operating System
Windows OS
• LAN:
• WAN:
• BIOS:
• HTML:
• COMPUTER: Commonly
Operated Machine Particularly
Used for Technology and
Education Research