Republic of the Philippines

Cotabato State University

College of Engineering, Technology, and Computing
BSCE Department
Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

CE 325 - HYDRAULICS
Prepared by:
ENGR. MOHAMMED O. PANGATO
CONTENT
1. Properties of Liquids
2. Hydrostatic Pressure and Forces
3. Gravity Dam
4. Buoyancy
5. Stability of Floating Bodies
INTRODUCTION
 FLUID STATICS

FLUID
MECHANICS

FLUID
HYDRAULICS
DYNAMICS
PROPERTIES OF
LIQUID
 COMMON PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
UNIT
PROPERTIES FORMULA
English SI

ƒ• • ǡ
Mass Density ɏൌ Slug / ft^3 kg / m^3
‘ Ž — ‡ ǡ

ୟୱୱ1 ǡ୑
Specific Volume Vs ൌ ఘ
ft^3 m^3

‡‹‰Š– ‘ ˆ Ž —‹† ǡ
Unit Weight or Specific Weight ߛൌ ‘ ” ߛ ൌߩሺܵ݃ ሻ lb / ft^3 N/ m^3 or kN/ m^3
‘ Ž — ‡ ǡ

ఘ୭ ୪୧୯୳ ୧ୢ
Specific Gravity Sgൌ
ఘ୭ ୵ ୟ୲ୣ
୰

˜ ‹• ‘ • ‹–› ǡɊ
Kinematic Viscosity ࢜ൌ ft^2 / sec m^2 / s
†‡ • ‹–› ǡɏ

Ͷɐ ‘ • ߠ
Capillarity ݄ ൌ ft m
ߛ†
Problem 1

A container of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and volume of 0.952 m^3. Determine its weight, unit
weight, mass density, and specific gravity.

Given:

m = 1,200 kg
V = 0.955 m^3

Solution:

A. Weight, W C. Mass density, ρ

W = mg ρ = m/V
W = (1,200 kg)(9.810 m/s^2) ρ = 1,200 kg / 0.952 m^3
W = 11,772 N or 11.772 kN ρ = 1260 kg/m^3
B. Unit weight, γ D. Specific gravity, Sg
γ=W/V Sg = ρglycerin / ρH2O
γ = 11.772 kN / 0.952 m^3 Sg = (1260 kg/m^3) / (998 kg/m^3)
γ = 12.36554 kN/m^3 Sg = 1.26
HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURES
PRESSURE

UNIT:
psi (pound per sq. inch)
kg / m^2
N.m^2
atm = 1.033 kg/cm^2 = 14.656
lb/in^2
GAUGE ATMOSPHERIC ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE PRESSURE PRESSURE
- Above or below the atmosphere’. - Present at any point on the earth’s
- Measured by pressure gauges or surface.
manometers. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

Pabs = Pgage + Patm

Under Normal conditions at sea
level:

Patm = 2166 lb /ft^2

Patm = 14.7 psi
Patm = 760 mmHg
Patm = 101.325 kPa
 STATIC FLUID PRESSURE
F
𝑃=
A
mg m
𝑃=
ρ=
V
m=ρ 𝑉
A
h ρ𝑉 g V = 𝐿𝑊h
𝑃= A = 𝐿𝑊
W A
L ρ LW h g
𝑃=
LW
ρhg ɣh
Problem 2

Determine the pressure at the bottom 23 m depth of the liquid, which has a unit weight of 14.715
kN/m^3.

Free Liquid Surface Given:

h = 23 m
ɣ = 14.715 kN/m^3

Solution:
h P = ɣh
P = (14.715 kN/m^3)(23
m)
P = 338.445 kPa
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
The difference in the pressure between any points in a homogeneous fluid at rest is equal to the product of the
unit weight of the fluid to the vertical distance (h) between points.

Free Liquid Surface

1 𝑝 2− 𝑝 1=ɣ h

h
2
Problem 3

If the pressure at a point in ocean is 60 kPa, what is the pressure 27 meters below this point?

Given:

p1 = 60 kPa
Free Liquid Surface h = 27 m

Solution:
1
Sg = ρsw / ρH2O
Sg = (1025 kg/m^3) / (998 kg/m^3)
27 𝑚 Sg = 1.027
2 p2-p1 = ɣh
p2 = p1 + ɣh
p2 = 60kPa + (9.81 kN/m^2)(1.027)(27
m)
p2 = 332.02 kPa
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
Any changes in pressure at point 1 would cause an equal change at point
2.

Free Liquid Surface

1
𝑝= ɣ h

2
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
Any changes in pressure at point 1 would cause an equal change at point
2.

Free Liquid Surface

𝑝 1 =𝑝 2
2 1
VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
Pressure below layers of different liquids

P = Σɣh + p = ɣ h + ɣ h + ɣ h
Bottom 1 1 2 2 3 3

+p A
Problem 4

In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom
of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil?

Given:

pabs = 231.3 kPa

patm = 101.03 kPa

Solution:

PBottom = Σɣh + patm = ɣ1h1 + ɣ2h2 + ɣ3h3 + ɣ4h4 + patm

231.3 kPa = (9.81)(0.89)(1.5) + (9.81)(1)(2.5) + (9.81)(Sg)(2.9) +
(9.81)(13.6)(0.4)+101.03

Sg = 1.38
HYDROSTATIC
FORCES
Free Liquid
Surface F = pA
θ dF = P = ɣh
pdA= ɣhdA
dF h = ysin θ
d
h F A y dF = ɣ ysin θ
h dA
Ӯ ∫ dF = ɣ sin θ ∫ydA AӮ= ∫ydA
F = y sin θ AӮ h = y sin θ
A Where:

d F = ɣhA F = Total Hydrostatic

B A Force acting normal to
θ pc.g. = ɣh the plane.
Area, A
A = Area of the plane
Center of Gravity, Cg
F=
pc.g.A h = vertical distance of
center of gravity from the
B liquid surface.

C.g. = Centroid of the

plane.
Free Liquid
Surface Fyp = ʃdF dF = ɣ ysin θ
θ (y) dA
F = y sin θ AӮ
d ɣ sin θ Aӯyp = ʃɣ y sin θ dA
h F A y (y)
ɣ sin θ Aӯyp = ɣ sin θ ʃy^2 dA
h
Ӯ (y)
F yp ʃy^2 dA = I0 Moment of Inertia about O

Aӯyp = IO
A IO = Ig + Aӯ^2
By Transfer moment of Inertia
d
B A Aӯyp = Ig +
θ e
Area, A Aӯ^2
Ig + Aӯ^2
yp =
Center of Gravity, Cg

Center of Pressure, Pcg

A
Ig ӯ yp = ӯ + e
B yp = +A
A ӯ
ӯIg Ig
ӯ + e= +ӯ e=
A A
Free Liquid
Surface

θ
Ig
d e=
h A
F A y ӯ
h Where:
Ӯ
F yp e = Eccentricity, c.g. to c.p.

Ig = Centroidal moment of inertia

A
A = Area of the plane surface
d
B A ӯ = Distance of c.. from the line of
θ e action of the origin perpendicular to
Area, A the plate

Center of Gravity, Cg

Center of Pressure, Pcg

B
 Problem 5

A vertical triangular gate with top base horizontal and 1.5 m wide is 3 m high. It is submerged in oil
having specific gravity of 0.82 with its top base submerged to a depth of 2 m. Determine the
magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the gate
Free Liquid
Surface
Given:
1.5 m
2m
h
WTOP BASE = 1.5 m
Hgate = 3 m
cg
cp e
Solution:
3m
F = ɣhA
F = (9.81 kN/m^3) (0.82) (3m) (2.25
h = 2 m + (1/3)(3)
m^2)
m
F = 54.3 kN
h=3m

A = (1/2) (1.5m )
(3m)
A = 2.25 m^2
 Problem 5

A vertical triangular gate with top base horizontal and 1.5 m wide is 3 m high. It is submerged in oil
having specific gravity of 0.82 with its top base submerged to a depth of 2 m. Determine the
magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic pressure acting on one side of the gate
Free Liquid
Surface

1.5 m Solution:
2m
h = 3m
cg Ig
e=
cp e Aӯ
3m (1/36) (1.5 m)
e = (3)^3
(2.25 m^2) (3)
e = 0.167 m
yp = ӯ + e
yp = 3 m + 0.167
m
yp = 3.167 m
Gravity Dam
ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY
DAM Steps of Solution:

Upstream Side W4 I. Consider 1 unit (1 m) length of dam (perpendicular

X4
to the drawing).
W1
X1
W2 II. Determine all the forces acting
X2
A. Vertical Forces
W3 X3 1. Weight of the Dam
W 1 = ɣ 1V 1 ; W 2 = ɣ 2V 2 ; W 3 = ɣ 3V 3

2. Weight of water in the upstream (if any).

W4 = ɣwV4

3. Weight of permanent structure on the dam

4. Hydrostatic Uplift
U = ɣVu1
 ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY
DAM Steps of Solution:
Upstream Side W4 B. Horizontal Force
X4
1. Total Hydrostatic Force acting at the
W1 vertical
Vertical
X1
projection of
submerged W2 projection submerged portion of the dam.
face of the X2
dam.
h W3 X3 F = ɣhA
F

III. Solve for the reaction

1 RX
A. Vertical Reaction
R Ry = ΣFV
Ry
U Ry = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 - U

B. Horizontal Reaction
Rx = ΣFH
Rx = F
 ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY
DAM Steps of Solution:
Upstream Side W4
IV. Moment about the Toe
X4
A. Righting Moment, RM
W1 RM = W1X1 + W2X2 + W3X3 + W4X4
Vertical
X1
projection of
submerged W2 B. Overturning Moment, OM
face of the X2
dam.
h W3
OM = Fy + UZ
X3
F
y OM
V. Location of Ry (x)

1 RX Toe
RM
ΣMTOE = 0 +
Ry (x) + OM – RM = 0
Ry R
x
z x=
U
 ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY
DAM Factor of Safety
Upstream Side W4
Factor of safety against sliding, FSs; F = μN
X4

W1 FSs = > 1
Vertical
X1
projection of
submerged W2
face of the X2
dam. Where:
h W3 X3 μ = coefficient of friction between the
F
base of the dam and the foundation.
y OM

RX RM Factor of safety against overturning , Fso;

1 Toe

R FSo =
Ry x
z
U
ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY
DAM Foundation Pressure

For e ≤ B/6

From the combine axial and bending stress

formula:

q= ±
q=
Toe
x P = Ry
A = B (1 m)
Ry M = Ry e
I= q=
cg 1m c = B/2
e

q= ±
B/2 B/2
ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY
DAM Foundation Pressure

For e ≥ B/6

x = a/3
a = 3x
Ry = ½ (a) qT (1)
Ry = ½ (3x) qT (1)
Toe
x qT=

B/6 Ry

cg 1m
e

B/2 B/2
Problem 6

The section of a concrete gravity dam is shown in the figure. The depth of water in the upstream side is
6 m. The coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and foundation is 0.60. Determine the
following:

A. Factor of safety against sliding.

B. Factor of safety against overturning
C. Overturning moment acting in the against the dam in kN-m.

6m
Upstream Side

8m
6m

4m
 Steps of Solution:

I. Consider 1 unit (1 m) length of dam (perpendicular to the

2m drawing).
Upstream Side

II. Determine all the forces acting

W1 A. Vertical Forces
X1

8m
6m W2 1. Weight of the Dam
X2
F W1 = ɣCV1 = (23.5 kN/m^3)(2m x 8m) = 376 kN/m
Toe OM
W2 = ɣCV2 = (1/2)(23.5 kN/m^3)(2m x 8m) = 188
58.86
RM kN/m
kPa WT = W 1 + W2
U
4m
2. Hydrostatic Uplift
F = ɣwh = (9.81 kN/m^3) (1) (6m) = 58.86
kPa
U = Vu1 = (1/2) (4m) (58.86 kN/m^2) (1m)
U = 117.72 kN
 Steps of Solution:

A. Horizontal Forces

1. Total Hydrostatic force acting at the vertical

2m
projection of the submerged portion of the dam.
Upstream Side

F = ɣhA = (9.81 kN/m^3) (1) (3m) (6m) (1m)

W1 X1 F= 176.58 kN
8m
6m W2 III. Solve for the reactions
X2
F
Toe OM
A. Vertical reaction, Ry
RM Ry = W1 + W2 - U
58.86 RX
kPa Ry = 446.28 kN
U Ry
4m
B. Horizontal reaction, Rx
Rx = F
Rx = 176.58 kN
 Steps of Solution:

III. Moment about Toe

A. Righting Moment, RM
2m RM = W1 X1 + W2X2
Upstream Side RM = 376 (3) + 188 (2/3)(2 )
RM = 1378.667 kN-m
W1 X1
B. Overturning Moment, OM
8m
6m W2 OM = Fy
F
X2
OM = 176.58 (2) + 117.72 (8/3)
2m OM
OM = 667.08 kN-m
RX Toe RM
58.86
kPa Ry X = 1.594
m
IV. Location of Ry
(2/3)(4) = 8/3
U 4m
x= =
x = 1.594 m
 Steps of Solution:

Factor of Safety against sliding

2m
Upstream Side
FSs = =

W1 X1 FSs = 1.516
8m Since FSs > 1, the dam is safe against sliding.
6m W2
X2
F
OM
Factor of safety against overturning
2m

Toe RM
58.86
Ry
RX
X = 1.594
FSo =
kPa
(2/3)(4) = 8/3
m
FSo = 2.077
U 4m Since FSo > 1, the dam is safe against overturning.