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DC Module 2 - 1

The document discusses different digital encoding techniques for digital-to-digital conversion including line coding, block coding, and scrambling. It describes line coding as converting a sequence of bits to a digital signal, with examples including NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Manchester, and AMI encodings. Serial transmission can be asynchronous, synchronous, or isochronous depending on whether start/stop bits or clocking is used to synchronize individual bits or groups of bits.

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Rudhhi Shah
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24 views38 pages

DC Module 2 - 1

The document discusses different digital encoding techniques for digital-to-digital conversion including line coding, block coding, and scrambling. It describes line coding as converting a sequence of bits to a digital signal, with examples including NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Manchester, and AMI encodings. Serial transmission can be asynchronous, synchronous, or isochronous depending on whether start/stop bits or clocking is used to synchronize individual bits or groups of bits.

Uploaded by

Rudhhi Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2

Encoding techniques
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

In this section, we see how we can represent digital


data by using digital signals. The conversion involves
three techniques: line coding, block coding, and
scrambling. Line coding is always needed; block
coding and scrambling may or may not be needed.

Topics discussed in this section:


Line Coding
Line Coding Schemes
Block Coding
DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

Line Coding:
• Converts sequence of bits to digital signal
• Signal decode at the receiver end to get the
original data
Figure 4.1 Line coding and decoding
Figure 4.2 Signal element versus data element

Ratio r
Data rate Vs Signal rate
Example 4.1

A signal is carrying data in which one data element is


encoded as one signal element ( r = 1). If the bit rate is
100 kbps, what is the average value of the baud rate if c is
between 0 and 1?

Solution
We assume that the average value of c is 1/2 . The baud
rate is then
Figure 4.3 Effect of lack of synchronization
Example 4.3

In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent


faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per
second does the receiver receive if the data rate is
1 kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000
bps.

At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of


1,000,000 bps.
Figure 4.4 Line coding schemes
Figure 4.5 Unipolar NRZ scheme

Power needed to send 1 bit per unit line resistance


Figure 4.6 Polar NRZ-L(Level) and NRZ-I(invert) schemes
Note

In NRZ-L the level of the voltage


determines the value of the bit.
In NRZ-I the inversion
or the lack of inversion
determines the value of the bit.
Note

NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have an average


signal rate of N/2 Bd.
Note

NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have a DC


component problem.
Example 4.4

A system is using NRZ-I to transfer 10-Mbps data. What


are the average signal rate and minimum bandwidth?

Solution
The average signal rate is S = N/2 = 500 kbaud. The
minimum bandwidth for this average baud rate is B min = S
= 500 kHz.
Figure 4.7 Polar RZ scheme

Complex and uses greater bandwidth


Figure 4.8 Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes
Note

In Manchester and differential


Manchester encoding, the transition
at the middle of the bit is used for
synchronization.
Note

In bipolar encoding, we use three levels:


positive, zero, and negative.
Figure 4.9 Bipolar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary
Note

In mBnL schemes, a pattern of m data


elements is encoded as a pattern of n
signal elements in which 2m ≤ Ln.
Figure 4.10 Multilevel: 2B1Q scheme
Figure 4.12 Multilevel: 4D-PAM5 scheme
Figure 4.13 Multitransition: MLT-3 scheme
Table 4.1 Summary of line coding schemes
4-3 TRANSMISSION MODES

The transmission of binary data across a link can be


accomplished in either parallel or serial mode. In
parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock
tick. In serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick.
While there is only one way to send parallel data, there
are three subclasses of serial transmission:
asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous.

Topics discussed in this section:


Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
Figure 4.31 Data transmission and modes
Figure 4.32 Parallel transmission
Figure 4.33 Serial transmission
Note

In asynchronous transmission, we send


1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or
more stop bits (1s) at the end of each
byte. There may be a gap between
each byte.
Note

Asynchronous here means


“asynchronous at the byte level,”
but the bits are still synchronized;
their durations are the same.
Figure 4.34 Asynchronous transmission
Note

In synchronous transmission, we send


bits one after another without start or
stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility
of the receiver to group the bits.
Figure 4.35 Synchronous transmission

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