Evolution of Computers

with key contributors

Prachi Ravindra Tayade

M.Sc II (SEM IV)
Contents

• Ancient Computing
• First Computer Programmer
• Generations of computer

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 Introduction
• “A computer is a programmable electronic device
that takes data, perform instructed arithmetic and
logical operations, and gives the output.”
• The term ‘Computer’ was first introduced in 1640
and referred to as ‘one who calculates’. It was
derived from the Latin word ‘computare’, which
meant ‘to calculate’. In 1897, it was known as the
‘calculating machine’. Later in 1945, the term
‘computer’ was introduced as ‘programmable digital
electronic computer, which is now called a
‘computer’.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 3

 Ancient Computing

Ishango Bone views Cluster of accountancy Salamis Tablet Chinese Suan Pan
COUNTING BOARDS.
Tally stick Tokens The Abacus

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 4

Tally Sticks (c. 18,000
BCE)
• Tally sticks, made of wood or bone, have been used
since ancient times as a “data recording” device or
memory aid to record numbers, quantities, or even
messages.
• Tally sticks first appeared as animal bones carved with
notches.
• Use of tally sticks has been mentioned by Pliny the
Elder (AD 23–79) in his Naturalis Historia ca 77.
Marco Polo (1254–1324) referred to the use of the tally
in Chin

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 5

Tokens (7500 BC)
• “tokens“- clay counters of different sizes and shapes,
which are thought to have been used to count and
communicate.
• These have been found in an extensive region
stretching from the Mediterranean to Pakistan
• During commercial transactions, in order to avoid
fraud and ensure that the number and type of tokens
were not modified, they were sealed into a ball-
shaped baked clay envelope. Spherical envelope with a cluster of accountancy tokens, from Susa. Louvre Museum

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 6

 Counting Boards

• The counting board was invented when someone thought of

placing pebbles or other objects on lines marked on a flat
surface
• Assigning an increasing order of magnitude to the objects
on subsequent lines.

Strasbourg Museum. The Counting Board detail of ivory inlays.

7
Evolution of Computers with key contributors
The Abacus (300-
500 B.C)
The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is
believed to be the first computer. It is said that Chinese invented
Abacus around 4,000 years ago.
• It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads
mounted on them. The beads were moved by the abacus
operator according to some rules to perform arithmetic
calculations.
• Abacus is still used in some countries like China, Russia and
Japan.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 8

Napier’s Bones (1617)
• It was a manually-operated calculating
device.
• It was invented by John Napier. John Napier (1550–1617)
• In this calculating tool, he used 9 different
ivory strips or bones marked with numbers
to multiply and divide.
• So, the tool became known as “Napier’s
Bones”
• .It was also the first machine to use the
decimal point

Napier’s Bones
Evolution of Computers with key contributors
 Pascaline(1642-1644)

• It is also called an Arithmetic Machine or Adding

Machine.
• A French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal
invented this between 1642 and 1644. Blaise Pascal19 Jun1623 – 19 Aug1662)
• It was the first mechanical and automatic calculator.
• It is invented by Pascal to help his father, a tax
accountant in his work or calculation.
• It could perform addition and subtraction in quick time.
It was basically a wooden box with a series of gears and
wheels.
• It is worked by rotating wheel like when a wheel is
rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighbouring wheel
and a series of windows is given on the top of the wheels
to read the totals.

Pascaline

Evolution of Computers with key contributors

Step Reckoner(1673)

• A calculating machine designed (1671) and

built (1673) by the German mathematician-
philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
• Its purpose was to perform arithmetic (1 July 1646– 14 November 1716)
operations and calculate mathematical
functions more quickly and accurately than
could be done by hand.

Step Reckoner
Evolution of Computers with key contributors 11
 Jacquard machine (1804)

• The Jacquard machine is a mechanical loom device invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in
1804.
• It revolutionized textile production by allowing complex patterns to be woven into fabrics.
• The machine uses punched cards to control the pattern and is considered a precursor to
modern computer programming concepts.

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 Arithmometer(1820)

• The arithmometer was the first digital

mechanical calculator strong enough and
reliable enough to be used daily in an office Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar
(May 5, 1785 – March 12, 1870)
environment.
• Patented in France by Thomas de Colmar in
1820 and manufactured from 1851 to 1915
• This calculator could add and subtract two
numbers directly and could perform long
multiplications and divisions effectively by
using a movable accumulator for the result.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors Arithmometer

Difference Engine (1820)
Analytical Engine(1830)
• In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles
Babbage who is known as “Father of Modern
Computer”.
• It was a mechanical computer which could perform
simple calculations.
• It was a steam driven calculating machine designed
to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.
• This calculating machine was also developed by
Charles Babbage in 1830.
• It was a mechanical computer that used punch-
cards as input. It was capable of solving any
mathematical problem and storing information as a
permanent memory.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 14

Ada Lovelace: The
First Computer
Programmer
In the 1840s, Ada Lovelace became the first
computer programmer, inspite of the fact that the
Analytical Engine (the computer that she designed
the programs for) wasn’t ever manufactured.
• She was also the first person to suggest that a
computer could be more than just an
oversized calculator!
• Her radical idea was that the numerical values
produced by the computer could be used to
represent something other than number

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)

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Tabulating
Machine (1890)
• It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith,
an American statistician.
• It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch Herman Hollerith (
February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929)
cards.
• It could tabulate statistics and record or sort
data or information.
• This machine was used in the 1890 U.S.
Census.
• Hollerith also started the Hollerith's Tabulating
Machine Company which later became
International Business Machine (IBM) in 1924.

Tabulating Machine 16
Evolution of Computers with key contributors
Differential
Analyzer (1930)
• It was the first electronic computer introduced
in the United States in 1930
• The American electrical engineer Vannevar Vannevar Bush
March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974)
Bush and others at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology invented the first continuous
integraph, later called a differential analyzer
• It was an analog device invented by Vannevar
Bush.
• This machine has vacuum tubes to switch
electrical signals to perform calculations.
• it could do 25 calculations in few minutes.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors

Differential Analyzer 17
Harvard Mark I

• The next major changes in the history of Howard Hathaway Aiken

computer began in 1937 March 8, 1900 – March 14, 1973)

• The Harvard Mark I, or IBM Automatic

Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC),
• when Howard Aiken planned to develop a
machine that could perform calculations
involving large numbers. In 1944, Mark I
computer was built as a partnership
between IBM and Harvard.
• It was the first programmable digital
computer.
Harvard Mark I
18
Evolution of Computers with key contributors
 Z1 (computer)1938

• The Z1 was a motor-driven mechanical

computer designed by German inventor
Konrad Zuse from 1936 to 1937
• Input:-Keyboard, punched tape reader Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse
• 22 June 1910 – 18 Dec 1995)
The “Z1” was the first freely programmable
computer in the world that used Boolean
logic and binary floating-point numbers
• This computer was destroyed in the
bombardment of Berlin in December 1943,
during World War II, together with all
construction plans.

Z1 Computer
Evolution of Computers with key contributors 19
Atanasoff–Berry
computer (ABC)
(1942)
• The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was
the first automatic electronic digital
John Vincent Atanasoff
computer. (October 4, 1903 – June 15, 1995)

• Input:-Decimal, via standard IBM 80-

column punched cards
• Display:Decimal, via a front panel display
• ABC would be considered the first
electronic ALU (arithmetic logic unit) –
which is integrated into every modern
processor’s design.
Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC)
Evolution of Computers with key contributors
ENIAC (1945)

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator

John William Mauchly
and Computer)was the first programmable, (August 30, 1907 – January 8, 1980) J. Presper Eckert(April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995)

electronic, general-purpose digital

computer, completed in 1945.
• ENIAC was designed by John Mauchly and
J. Presper Eckert to calculate artillery firing
tables for the United States Army’s
Ballistic Research Laboratory
• There were other computers that had
combinations of these features, but the
ENIAC had all of them in one computer

Evolution of Computers with key contributors

ENIAC 21
UNIVAC I (1951)
• The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer I) was the first general-purpose
electronic digital computer design for J. Presper Eckert John Mauchly
(Aug30, 1907 – Jan 8, 1980)
business application produced in the United (April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995)

States.
• It was designed principally by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of
the ENIAC.
• It was among the first “stored program”
computers, using magnetic tape, rather than
punch cards, to collect and manage data.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors UNIVAIC I 22

EDVAC (1944)

• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer) was one of the John William Mauchly
(Aug30, 1907 – Jan 8, 1980)
J. Presper Eckert
(April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995)
earliest electronic computers.
• Unlike ENIAC, it was binary rather than
decimal, and was designed to be a stored-
program computer.
• The EDVAC was a binary serial computer
with automatic addition, subtraction,
multiplication, programmed division and
automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial
memory[3] capacity of 1,024 44-bit words,

Evolution of Computers with key contributors EDVAC 23

Osborne 1(1981)

• The Osborne 1 is the first commercially

successful portable computer, released on
April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Adam Osborne
(March 6, 1939 – March 18, 2003)
Corporation.
• it weighs 24.5 lb (11.1 kg)
• Also know as OCC-1
• Invented by Adam Osborne
• Memory
• 64 KB RAM

Osborne 1
Evolution of Computers with key contributors 24
 Generations of computers

Second Generation Third Generation

First Generation
transistors Integrated circuits
Vacuum tubes

Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

Microprocessor Parallel processing hardware and AI 25
 First Generation : Vaccum Tubes
(1946-1959)

• The first generation (1946-1959) computers

were slow, huge and expensive.
• In these computers, vacuum tubes were used as
the basic components of CPU and memory.
• These computers were mainly depended on
batch operating system and punch cards.
Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as
output and input devices in this generation.
Vaccum Tubes

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 26

Second Generation:
Transistor (1959-
1965)
• The second generation (1959-1965) was the era
of the transistor computers.
• These computers used transistors which were
cheap, compact and consuming less power; it
made transistor computers faster than the first
generation computers.
• In this generation, magnetic cores were used as
the primary memory and magnetic disc and
tapes were used as the secondary storage.
• Assembly language and programming
languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, and
Batch processing and multiprogramming
operating systems were used in these computers.

IBM 1620
Evolution of Computers with key contributors 27
 Third generation :
Integrated circuit
(1964 -1970)
• The third generation computers used integrated
circuits (Ics) instead of transistors.
• A single IC can pack huge number of transistors
which increased the power of a computer and reduced Transistors
the cost.
• The computers also became more reliable, efficient
and smaller in size.
• These generation computers used remote processing,
time-sharing, multi programming as operating
system.
• Also, the high-level programming languages like
FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,
ALGOL-68 were used in this generation.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors

IBM-360 series 28
 fourth generation:
Microprocessor
(1971-1980)

• The fourth generation (1971-1980) computers

used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits
• a chip containing millions of transistors and microprocessor
other circuit elements.
• These chips made this generation computers
more compact, powerful, fast and affordable.
• These generation computers used real time,
time sharing and distributed operating system.
• The programming languages like C, C++,
DBASE were also used in this generation.

STAR 1000
Evolution of Computers with key contributors 29
 Fifth generation: Parallel processing hardware and AI
(1980-till date)
• In fifth generation (1980-till date) computers, the
VLSI technology was replaced with ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration).
• It made possible the production of microprocessor
chips with ten million electronic components.
• This generation computers used parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
• The programming languages used in this generation
Laptop
were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 30

Thank you !

Evolution of Computers with key contributors 31