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    Chapter 5 PowerPoint

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    Hilary Oliverio
    The document provides information about the integumentary system, or skin. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The major functions of the skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. The skin is subject to diseases like skin cancer, eczema, and acne. Burns damage the skin's ability to regulate fluid, temperature, and fight infection.

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    Chapter 5 PowerPoint

    Uploaded by

    Hilary Oliverio
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    The document provides information about the integumentary system, or skin. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The major functions of the skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. The skin is subject to diseases like skin cancer, eczema, and acne. Burns damage the skin's ability to regulate fluid, temperature, and fight infection.

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    The document provides information about the integumentary system, or skin. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The major functions of the skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. The skin is subject to diseases like skin cancer, eczema, and acne. Burns damage the skin's ability to regulate fluid, temperature, and fight infection.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    5 views28 pages

    Chapter 5 PowerPoint

    Uploaded by

    Hilary Oliverio
    The document provides information about the integumentary system, or skin. It discusses the key components and layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The major functions of the skin are protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. The skin is subject to diseases like skin cancer, eczema, and acne. Burns damage the skin's ability to regulate fluid, temperature, and fight infection.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    THE INTEGUMENTARY Chapter 5

    SYSTEM
    INTRODUCTION TO SKIN
    Most accessible but often least appreciated organ
    system.
    The skin, or simply integument, accounts for
    approximately 16% of your total body weight.
    The skin’s surface, 1.5 - 2.0 m2, is constantly worn
    away, attacked by micro-organisms, irradiated by
    sunlight, and exposed to environmental chemicals.
    Skin is composed of two major components:
    1. Cutaneous membrane
    2. Accessory structures
    FUNCTIONS OF THE
    INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
    • Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical
    attack
    • Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes by integumentary glands
    • Maintenance of normal body temperature through either insulation or evaporative cooling, as
    needed
    • Production of melanin, which protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation
    • Production of keratin, which protects against abrasion and serves as a water repellent
    • Synthesis of vitamin D3, a steroid that is subsequently converted to calcitriol, a hormone important
    to normal calcium metabolism
    • Storage of lipids in adipocytes in the dermis and in adipose tissue in the hypodermis
    • Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature stimuli, and the relaying of that information to
    the nervous system.
    WO COMPONENTS OF
    SKIN

    Layers of Skin
    The skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis, made of closely packed epithelial cells, and the dermis, made of
    dense, irregular connective tissue that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures. Beneath the
    dermis lies the hypodermis, which is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues.
    EPIDERMIS
    • The epidermis is composed
    primarily of keratinocytes
    arranged into layers called
    strata.
    • Thin skin epidermis has 4
    strata layers
    • Thick skin epidermis has 5
    strata layers (palms and
    soles)
    STRATA (LAYERS) OF THE
    EPIDERMIS
    Stratum Corneum = the “horny layer”; outermost layer
     Cells in surface layer remain about 2 weeks before being
    shed or washed away
     15–30 layers of dead keratinized cells held together by
    desmosomes
     Water resistant, not waterproof since we lose water
    through insensible perspiration (unable to see or feel) and
    sensible perspiration (sweat)
    Stratum Lucidum = the “clear layer”
     Flattened, densely packed dead cells filled with keratin

    Stratum Granulosum = the “grainy layer”


     3–5 layers of keratinocytes that have stopped dividing
    and started producing keratin
     Cells grow thinner and flatter and cell membrane
    becomes less permeable
    Stratum Spinosum = the “spiny layer”
     Composed of 8–10 layers of keratinocytes bound together
    by desmosomes
     Contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells defending against
    microorganisms and superficial skin cancers
    Stratum Basale = the “basement layer”; innermost layer
     Attached to basement membrane. Most cells here are
    basal cells, stem cells that divide to replace more
    superficial keratinocytes. Melanocytes and Merkel cells
    RIDGES OF THE SKIN
    DERMAL PAPILLAE =
    FINGERPRINTS
    DERMIS
    The dermis supports the epidermis and
    the hypodermis connects the dermis to
    the rest of the body.

    Papillary layer
     Named for dermal papillae in this region
     Composed of areolar tissue
     Contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels,
    and sensory neurons
    DERMIS Reticular layer
     Interwoven meshwork of dense irregular
    connective tissue
     Contains both collagen and elastic fibers
     Collagen fibers from this layer blend
    into both the papillary layer above and
    the hypodermis below
     Contains blood vessels, lymphatic
    vessels, nerve fibers, and accessory
    organs (hair follicles, sweat glands)
    CLEAVAGE LINES - CORRESPOND TO THE ORIENTATION OF
    COLLAGEN FIBERS IN THE DERMIS, AND ARE GENERALLY PARALLEL TO THE
    ORIENTATION OF THE UNDERLYING MUSCLE FIBERS
    HYPODERMIS
     Separates skin from deeper
    structures
     Stabilizes position of skin relative
    to underlying tissues
     Allows independent movement
     Dominated by adipose tissue
     Important energy storage site
    PIGMENTATION

    Factors influencing skin color


    include
    • epidermal pigmentation via
    melanin and carotene
    • dermal circulation.

    Skin Pigmentation
    The relative coloration of the skin depends of the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes
    in the stratum basale and taken up by keratinocytes.
    DERMAL CIRCULATION
     Hemoglobin is red pigment found in
    red blood cells
     Blood flows to dermis through
    subpapillary plexus
     More blood flow to region results in redder
    color
     Less blood flow to region initially
    results in pale color
     Sustained reduction of blood flow
    decreases available oxygen
     Lower oxygen levels makes hemoglobin
    darker red
     From surface view, skin has bluish color
    (cyanosis)
    ACCESSORY ORGANS OF
    SKIN

    • Nerve fibers and corpuscles


    • Hair follicles, hair shafts, and
    arrector pili muscles
    • Oil glands and sweat glands
    Arteries, veins, and lymph vessels
    • Nails (form from thickened
    epidermal cells nestled into the
    dermis forming a nail field)
    HAIRS AND THEIR
    ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
     Found almost everywhere on the body
     Except palms of hands, soles of feet, sides of fingers and
    toes, lips, parts of external genitalia
     Body has about 2.5 million hairs
     75 percent on general body surface (not the head)
     Nonliving structures
    • Each hair produced by a hair follicle
    • Two types of hair
    1. Terminal hairs
     Large, coarse, darkly pigmented
     Examples: hairs found on scalp or in armpit
    2. Vellus hairs
     Smaller, shorter, delicate
     Found on general body surface
    SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE
    SKIN
     ~400 cm of nerve fibers per cm of skin
    2

     Receptors in the epidermis


     Free nerve endings
     Sensitive to touch and pressure
     Between epidermal cells
     Tactile discs (Merkel cells)
     Detect texture and steady pressure
     Found in deepest layer of epidermis extending
    into dermis
     Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
     Detect light touch, pressure, and vibration
     Found in the papillary layer
     Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
     Detect deep pressure and vibration
     Found in both dermal layers and in
    hypodermis
    FUNCTIONS OF THE
    INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
    • Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical
    attack
    • Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes by integumentary glands
    • Maintenance of normal body temperature through either insulation or evaporative cooling, as
    needed
    • Production of melanin, which protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation
    • Production of keratin, which protects against abrasion and serves as a water repellent
    • Synthesis of vitamin D3, a steroid that is subsequently converted to calcitriol, a hormone important
    to normal calcium metabolism
    • Storage of lipids in adipocytes in the dermis and in adipose tissue in the hypodermis
    • Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature stimuli, and the relaying of that information to
    the nervous system.
    THERMOREGULATION
    SKIN CANCER
    Basal cell carcinoma
     Most common form of skin cancer
     Originates in stratum basale due to
    mutations caused by overexposure to UV
    radiation
     Virtually no metastasis and most people
    survive
    SKIN CANCER
    Squamous cell carcinoma
    • Effects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosa
    and presents as lesions.
    • Squamous cell carcinoma presents here as a
    lesion on an individual’s nose.
    • Second most common skin cancer
    • ABCDE rule
    • Asymmetrical
    • Borders
    • Color
    • Diameter
    SKIN CANCER
    Malignant melanoma
     Most serious form of skin cancer
     Extremely dangerous
     Cancerous melanocytes grow rapidly
    and metastasize through lymphatic
    system
     If detected early and removed surgically,
    the
    5-year survival rate is 99 percent
     If not detected until after metastasis, the
    5-year survival rate drops to 14 percent
    ECZEMA

    Eczema
    Eczema is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash. (credit: “Jambula”/Wikimedia Commons)
    ACNE

    Acne
    Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to formation of blackheads and inflammation of the skin.
    SKIN FUNCTIONS AFFECTED
    BY BURNS
     Fluid and electrolyte balance
     Skin loses effectiveness as a barrier
     In full-thickness burns, fluid loss rate increases up to five times normal level
     Thermoregulation
     Increased fluid loss = increased evaporative cooling
     Takes more energy to maintain body temperature
     Protection from infection
     Dampness (from fluid loss) encourages bacterial growth
     If skin is broken, infection likely to occur
     Sepsis (sepsis, rotting)
     Widespread bacterial infection
     Leading cause of death in burn victims
    EVALUATING BURNS
    1. Depth of burns
     Assessed with a pin
     Absence of reaction to pin prick
    indicates third-degree burn (loss of
    sensation)
    2. Percentage of skin that has
    been burned
     Rule of nines
     Method of estimating percentage
    of surface area affected by burns
     Modified for children (different
    body proportions)
    EMERGENCY TREATMENT OF
    BURNS
    Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes
     Providing sufficient nutrients
     Increased metabolic demands for thermoregulation and healing
     Preventing infection
     Cleaning and covering burn
     Administering antibiotics
     Assisting tissue repair with skin grafts
    AGE-RELATED CHANGES
    IN SKIN

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