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C6 Log and Exponential Functions

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24 views32 pages

C6 Log and Exponential Functions

Uploaded by

kohtabs2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 6

Logarithmic and exponential functions


Subtopics
• 6.1 Logarithms to base 10
• 6.2 Logarithms to base a
• 6.3 The laws of logarithms
• 6.4 Solving logarithmic equations
• 6.5 Solving exponential equations
• 6.6 Change of base of logarithms
• 6.7 Natural logarithms
• 6.8 Practical applications of exponential equations
• 6.9 Simple logarithmic and exponential graphs
• 6.10 More complex logarithmic and exponential graphs
• 6.11 Inverse logarithmic and exponential functions
Subtopics (Simplified)
• Definition of log
• Laws of logarithms
• Solving equations with log
• and natural log (ln)
• Practical applications of
• Graphs with log and exponents
• Inverse log and exponent functions
Indices recap
Laws of indices:
What is log?
• If ,

To remember this relationship, consider .

log y x = z
What is log?

This is called the

In the above example, the log is to base .


‘base’ of the log.

If the base is not specified, i.e., , that means it is base 10.


Log to base 10 can also be written as .
Laws of logarithms
How to solve logarithmic problems
1. BASE: Every log must have the same base.
2. COMBINE: Combine all logs together.
3. SOLVE: Solve using calculator or putting in exponent form.
BASE
Consider

One is base 2, the other is base 4.

Use law: to change to base 2.


COMBINE

First, get rid of everything in front of the logs using law:


COMBINE

Then, combine using laws:


SOLVE
Extra tips

• You can log both sides and remove log from both sides only if the
entirety of each side is within the log.
Practice question
Solve the equation
and (natural log)
is a mathematical constant like . You don’t have to know what it means
or does now.
In the entire chapter, treat just as a constant, you must only know one
thing:
Log base is called a natural log, or ln.
A trick in solving equations with e
Consider
Rewrite as:

Let

This trick is used very often so keep an eye out for it. Remember to
substitute back in at the end and solve for .
Questions with
Usually, questions containing just involve solving equations with it or
they give a formula containing and you simply follow the instructions,
nothing special.
Example question
The temperature, , of a hot drink, minutes after it is made,

a. Find the temperature of the drink when it was made.


b. Find the temperature of the drink when t = 6.
c. To the nearest minute, how many minutes have passed when the
temperature is ?
Graphs of ln and e
For every graph of y = log x no matter the
base,
y =ln 𝑥 The graph only intercepts x = 1.
The range is .
The x value drastically steepens at the y-
axis. The graph approaches x = 0 but
never touches it.
Sketching ln and e graphs.
The shape of each graph must be known:

*Note that if the equation is negative, the graph will be upside down.
Graph of
Sketching both e and ln graphs are very easy, only difference is finding
their asymptote.
1. Find the x-intercept by substituting y = 0.
2. Find the y-intercept by substituting x = 0.
3. Find the asymptote, which is always .
Example
x-intercept =
y-intercept =
Asymptote is at .
−2 𝑥
𝑦 =3 𝑒 −5
*You must label the axes intercepts
*You must label the asymptote
*The graph must approach the asymptote, but it
can not touch it.

𝑦 =− 5
Graph of
Only difference is asymptote.
1. Find the x-intercept by substituting y = 0.
2. Find the y-intercept by substituting x = 0.
3. Find the asymptote, which is always .
Example
𝑦 =4 ln (2 𝑥 +5)
x-intercept =
y-intercept =
Asymptote is at

*You must label the axes intercepts


*You must label the asymptote
*The graph must approach the asymptote, but it
can not touch it.

𝑥 = − 2.5
IMPORTANT TIP
If the question states to leave the answer is exact form, you must put
the answer in the form of log, ln, e, or .
It must not be in decimals.
End of chapter questions
Solve the equation .
Give your solution in exact form.
Given that and , find

a.
Given that , express, in terms of ,
Solve
Solve the simultaneous equations
Sketch the graph of and state its domain and range.
Main focuses of this chapter
1. Logarithm laws and application
2. Sketching e and ln graphs

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