Unit 1: Nature of Research

Lesson 1
Research and Its Importance

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
 ● Define research and the
Learning different types of research.
Objectives
At the end of the ● Explain the academic and
lesson, you should be practical importance of doing
able to do the
following: research.

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 1. Why is research important?

2. How does research affect

your daily life?

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 Defining Research

Research is “the systematic study of materials

and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions” (Oxford English
Dictionary, as cited in O’Leary 2004).

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 Individual
curiosities

Everyday life Random

experiences observations

Defining Question
Research

Research begins with a question.

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Defining Research

Question Answer

You do research when you gather information

to seek answers to your question.
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Defining Research

Observation: Question:
You have a hard time falling “Why do I have a hard time
asleep at night when you falling asleep when I take a
drink a chocolate-flavored chocolate-flavored drink at
drink before sleeping. night?”

Answer: Gathered information:

Some of the ingredients in The list of ingredients of the
the chocolate-flavored drink chocolate-flavored drink and
are known to boost energy their uses
levels.
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Basic research is
mostly theoretical
and is not directly
applicable to real-life
problems and
concerns.

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 Applied research
has obvious and
immediate
applications.

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 Types of Research
Basic research Applied research
Purpose: Purpose:
To gain broader To find solutions to
understanding of a actual problems
particular problem or
phenomenon

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Wrap Up

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 Doing research is important because…

● It helps us understand the world

Importance better.
of Research ● It allows us to find answers to
problems.
● It enables us to evaluate our
answers to different problems.

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 Quick Check

Classify this research topic as

basic or applied research:

A study on effective teaching methods

for children under 5 years old

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 Wrap Up

Research
is a systematic process of gathering
information to answer a question or
solve a problem.

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Unit 1: Nature of Research

Lesson 2
Research Process and Ethics

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
 ● Recognize the characteristics of
Learning research.
Objectives ● Enumerate the steps involved
in the research process.
At the end of the
lesson you should ● Explain the importance of
be able to ethics in research.

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1. What are the characteristics of
research?

2. What are the steps involved in the

research process?

3. Why is ethics important in

research?
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 Research is
controlled and
manipulated to
Characteristics
understand the
of Research
relationship
between two or
more variables.

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 Research follows
stringent
procedures to find
Characteristics out the answers to
of Research questions that are
relevant and
appropriate in
nature.

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 Research is
systematic as it
follows a step-
Characteristics by-step
of Research
procedure to
answer
research
questions.

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 Data are correct
and verifiable by
Characteristics the researcher
of Research
and eventually, by
the readers of the
research work.

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 Research must be
totally based on
hard evidence
Characteristics
of Research gathered from
observations and
real-life
experiences.

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 The Research Process

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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Principles Explanation

Honesty All researchers must honestly present information on data,

results, research methods and procedures, and status of work.
Researchers must not falsify and distort the data to deceive the
public.

Objectivity Researchers should remove any form of bias in all stages of

research. All observations and data collected must not be
changed in any way to agree with the wants of the researchers.

Prudence Researchers must be careful in evaluating their own work.

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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Principles Explanation

Responsible publication Researchers must publish their results and share it to other
people for the sake of science and the pursuit of knowledge.

Confidentiality Researchers must save and secure confidential information of

anyone involved in the research project, especially the
respondents for their target samples.

Respect for Intellectual The researchers must respect patents, copyright rights, and
other forms of intellectual property. It is a criminal act for
Property
anyone to plagiarize.
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Principles in Research Ethics

Ethical Principles Explanation

Social responsibility Researchers must conduct research studies that could be

beneficial to the entire society.

Anti-discrimination Researchers must avoid discrimination against any form of

social labels like sex, gender, religion, and the like.

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Remember

The research process is an endless

cycle. It does not stop when the
results are published and shared to
the rest of the community.

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What can be the consequences if
the research does not comply
with the ethical standard?

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Unit 1: Nature of Research

Lesson 3
Qualitative and Quantitative
Research

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
 ● Differentiate qualitative from
Learning quantitative research.
Objectives
● Explain the characteristics of
At the end of the
lesson you should qualitative and quantitative
be able to research.

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 If you were to
do research on
a particular
topic, what
type of data
would you
gather?

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Types of Research

● Qualitative research
● Quantitative research
● Mixed methods research

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Qualitative Research

● It focuses on words
along with its
construction, meanings,
and interpretations.
● It asks open-ended
questions to extract
meanings, perceptions,
and interpretations.
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Qualitative Research

Strategies of Inquiry Data Collection

● Phenomenology ● Interviews
● Grounded theory ● Focus group
● Ethnography discussions
● Case study ● Content analysis
● Narrative research

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 1. Perspectives of teachers on the
implementation of anti-bullying
policies
Examples of 2. Cultural practices of an indigenous
Qualitative group and their respective
Research meanings
3. Perceptions on the importance of
freedom of speech
4. Interpretations of political speeches
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Quantitative Research

● It is a means for testing

objective theories by
examining the relationship
among variables.
● It makes use of statistics in
the collection, analysis, and
interpretation of numerical
data.

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Quantitative Research

Strategies of Inquiry Data Collection

● Survey research ● Surveys

● Experimental ● Experiments
research

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 1. Effects of physical exercise on sleep
quality
Examples of
2. Preferences of college students
Quantitative
towards computer operating systems
Research
3. Impact of social media use on rising
fashion trends

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Mixed Methods Research

It employs the elements of both

qualitative and quantitative research
in terms of strategies and methods.

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Mixed Methods Research

Sequential Concurrent Transformative

It elaborates or Qualitative and A theoretical lens

expands the quantitative is used as an
findings of one methods and data overarching
method with are being used perspective within
another method. and collected at a design that
the same time. contains both
quantitative and
qualitative data.

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Sequential Concurrent

Qualitative Quantitative
expounded by

Qualitative Quantitative

Quantitative Qualitative

expounded by

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Comparing qualitative and quantitative research

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Advantages ● It provides a richer and deeper ● Findings are generalizable and

understanding of the phenomenon. reflective of the population due to
● Participants can provide deeper, the large number of participants.
more detailed, and specific answers ● Use of statistical methods in the
to the questions. collection and analysis of data gives
validity and reliability to the findings.

Disadvantages ● Number of participants (sample ● Depth of the answers of the

size) is smaller compared to participants is limited due to the
quantitative research. large sample size and the use of
● Narrative findings from a small closed-ended questions.
number of participants are not ● Data expressed as numbers may not
generalizable for the whole always capture the complexities of
population. the phenomenon under study.
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 Quick Check

1. The experiences of adults

Classify the different going into retirement
research topics as
2. Frequency of using mobile
qualitative or banking applications
quantitative
3. The role of art in elementary
research education

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Unit 2: Introduction to Qualitative Research

Lesson 1
Overview of Qualitative Research

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
What do you
think is the
importance of
qualitative
research in
your daily lives?

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

It is important for researchers to understand

the nature of qualitative research and
consider its characteristics in constructing
research design, data collection, and data
analysis.

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 ● Qualitative research is a form of
Natural
natural inquiry because it focuses
Inquiry
on studying its subject in a natural
setting.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Inductive analysis is a qualitative approach

that allows primary research findings to be
derived from the most dominant and
significant themes being observed in society.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Holistic approach focuses on the the entirety

of the system. It assumes that the whole
system is better compared to the the sum of its
parts.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

The researcher is required to become part of

the observed group in order to acquire more
in-depth data for the research.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

The results of the research must not be

affected by the perception or personal
experiences of the researcher.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

The researcher must be keen in observing

neutrality in compiling findings from the
study.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Researchers may continue to conduct research

on new objectives or questions that
emerged during the research process.

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Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Qualitative data refers to the detailed

documentation and description of certain
events or phenomenon being observed.

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 Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
Strengths Weaknesses

It utilizes qualitative data that complements quantitative data. The conclusion cannot be generalized to the entire population
since it utilizes a limited number of sample sizes.

Results are based on observations in a natural setting. Qualitative data can be more difficult to analyze because of
nonuniformity in the observed data.

It has detailed information to explain complex issues. Complete neutrality to avoid bias is hard to achieve. Most of the
time, data can be affected by the researcher’s opinion and
personal experiences.

It can utilize multiple methods for gathering data on sensitive Results can be unpredictable since changes in objectives can
subjects. happen based on the flow of the research process.

Data collection is cost-efficient. Data collection is usually time-consuming and labor-intensive.

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Remember

Qualitative research is a highly

effective approach in answering
‘how’ and ‘why’ questions of
things.

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 Quick Check
1. The use of a limited number
of sample sizes to focus on
more detailed data collection
Evaluate each scenario if it that can be applied to a
is considered as a strength bigger population in the
or weakness in using a society
qualitative approach for 2. Total immersion of the
research. researcher to the event or
phenomenon being observed
for more detailed data
collection procedure

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 Wrap Up
The following are the characteristics of
qualitative research:
● Based on natural inquiry
● Utilizes inductive analysis
● Utilizes holistic approach
● Requires personal immersion of the
researcher
● Objective
● Requires empathic neutrality
● Exhibits flexible research design
● Uses qualitative data 58
Unit 3: Formulating a Research Problem

Lesson 1
Identifying a Qualitative Research
Problem

Practical Research 1
Senior High School Applied - Academic
 ● Identify a qualitative research
Learning problem from a general topic of
Objectives interest.
● Develop a working title based on the
At the end of the research problem.
lesson you should ● Justify the relevance of the research
be able to
problem.

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 Activity

Enumerate three specific areas that

you are interested in based on this
topic: social media.

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 Identifying a Research Problem

Formulate research problems that are SMART!

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Identifying a Research Problem

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Tips

● A good research problem is usually

based on unknown information
about the topic.
● Consider the constraints or
limitations, such as time and budget,
when refining the research problem.

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Narrowing Down a General or Broad Topic

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With the research problem I have
in my mind, can I solve the
research gap? How am I going to
fill in that gap?

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 Qualitative Research Problem

A research problem is considered to be

qualitative when the nature of answering it is
on making meanings from nonnumerical
information.

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 Qualitative Research Problem
Accounting Business

Use of instant online Styles of conflict

loans among management in start-
different age groups up businesses

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 Qualitative Research Problem
Social Sciences Humanities

Identity politics of the Creation theories in

urban poor Asian countries

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 Qualitative Research Problem
Earth Science Health Science

Disaster Vaccination
management in key confidence across
cities generations

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 Relevance of the Research

The relevance of the research

describes the reasons or justifications
for the conduct of the study.

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 Research Title

To guide you in writing a working study

title, answer the following questions:
● What type of research will it use?
● What is the study all about?
● Who is involved in the research?
● Where will the study happen?

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Remember

A good research problem has

clear scientific, social, and
practical relevance.

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 Activity

1. Think of a general topic that you are familiar

with and interests you the most.

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 Activity

2. Make a list of three specific areas of

knowledge from your topic of interest.

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 Activity

3. Write a working title for your research on

the chosen specific area of knowledge based
on your answers in #2.

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