THE WORLD OF

REGIONS
GROUP 2 MODULE 3
Learning objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to;
1. define the term Global South and
2. differentiate the Global South from the Third World
MODULE 3.1

The Global Divides: the

north and the south
• The Global South represents interstate inequality and is a Western concept.
Historically, Latin America was divided into two territories by the Treaty of
Tordesillas in 1494, with the West belonging to the Crown of Castile and the
East to the Portuguese Empire.
• a socio-economic and political divide primarily focusing on the southern
hemisphere of the 1569-designed Mercatorian map, includes Africa, Latin
America, and Asia, including the Middle East.
• The Global South refers to developing countries, excluding rich, industrialized
nations, and those in the northern hemisphere that uphold fair labor practices,
rights, free trade, and sustainable development policies.
• On the contrary, the Global North is the home of all
members of the Group of Eight (G8)-Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, Russia, and the
United States of America.
• The Global South, including the United Nations Security
Council's four permanent members, developed countries in
Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, is constantly reimagined
and reshaped by those who dominate it, as noted by
Claudio (2014).
• The Global South is prevalent in developed countries,
with economic poverty, underprivileged individuals,
unfair labor practices, and human rights violations being
common experiences.
• characterized by high living standards, better transport,
banking, financial institutions, and government
centrality, is experienced similarly within the Global
South's geographical boundaries.
The Rich North - Developed

The Poor South – developing

• The terms Global South and Third World are conceptually
the same, referring to conditions in developing countries.
Third World originated during the Cold War, categorized
based on Western capitalism and Soviet socialism.
• Capitalism and socialism are formal economies, with
capitalism promoting consumer choice, private property,
and economic freedom, while socialism involves state
control of production, distribution, and exchange.
 Module 3.2

ASIAN
REGIONALISM
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this section, you are expected to:

1. differentiate between regionalization and globalization;
2. identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of
Asian regions; and
3. analyze how different Asian states confront the
challenges of globalization and regionalization through
regionalism.
Home of more than 1.4 billion people based on the
2018 population projection of the United Nations.

Was able to adapt its policies to the dictates of the

West and consequently incorporated itself to the
global economy after the Second World War.

One of the emerging centers of different cultures and

has turned itself into a great cosmopolitan city-state.
Economy in Asia
 Emerging and developing Asian countries and the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations 5 or the ASEAN
5 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and
Thailand) had an average of 6.3% and 5.10 GDP
growth, respectively, compared to the world average
growth of 3.5% as of 2016 (Obiols, 2017).

 In 2016, China was the world's leading exporter of

goods valued at $1.99 trillion, followed by the
United States with $1.45 trillion (Dillinger, 2018).
Due to the economic and political growth in the The United States
regions of Asia started to shape up, most countries strategically takes care
want to have collaborations East Asian countries and of its allies in Asia to
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations maintain and further
members. enhance its supply of
raw materials, human
technological skills,
and even its military
force.

Europe keeps its

strong relationship
with Asian
countries to
expand its growing
business in the
field of medical
science and
research.
What makes Asian collaborations and
nations stronger cooperation based
than ever? on respect.

For one, the ASEAN, as a regional

bloc, pays full respect for sovereignty
and independence of its members
through consensus and consultation
(Eliassen & Arnadottir, 2012).
 Globalization Regionalization
• is the expansion and intensification • is "the growth of societal
of social relations and integration within a region and to
consciousness across world-time the often undirected processes of
and world-space. social and economic interaction”
• borderless (It happens around the (Hurrel, 1995).
world.) • happens only in a specific
geographical region.
• Social and economic reciprocal
actions of regionalization are
undirected because of diversity.
 This diversity comes in different levels
(Richter & West, 2014)

Development from the rich Singapore to the poor Laos

from democracy to dictatorship and

Politics everything in between

Economics from free markets to capitalism and more

Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity,

Religion ohintoism, and more
 Regionalization Regionalism
• refers to a political process • refers to regional
by economic policy if concentration of economic
cooperation and flows (Mansfield & Wilmer,
coordination are present 1993).
among countries (Mansfield • pertains to the process of
& Wilmer, 1993). intergovernmental
collaborations between two
or more states (Eliassen &
Arnadottir, 2012).
Asian regionalism
The ASEAN
is a new concept
50-year-old ASEAN community is
among the
group comprised of
continental
three pillars.
communities.

The failed East Asia

Economi (EAEG)
 Three Pillars of ASEAN community
POLITICAL SECURITY COMMUNITY
• gives importance to human rights, drugs, foreign relations, defense, law, and
transnational crimes.

ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
• adheres to significant roles of monitoring-economic ministers, finance ministers,
central bank governors, free trade area, investment area, agriculture and forestry,
transport ministers, telecommunications and information technology ministers,
science and technology, energy, minerals, tourism, free trade agreements with
dialogue partners, and sectoral bodies

SOCIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY
• there is an avenue for cooperation among the ministers responsible for culture and
arts, sports, disaster management, education, environment, health, information,
labor, rural development and poverty eradication, women, youth, and civil service
matters.
ASEAN partnership
Its goal is to
address the
1997 Asian
financial
crisis and
CHINA SOUTH JAPAN help each
KOREA
other cope
with the
crisis.
VARIOUS GROUPS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

 a free trade pact between Canada and the United
States (now including Mexico).
 was created to help reduce trading costs, increase
business investment, and help North America be more
competitive in the global marketplace (NAFTA, 2010).

European Union (EU)

 a political and economic established
to ensure free movement of people,
goods, services, and capital within
the EU's single market (EU, 2018a).
Several reasons why countries form Regional Association

One of the most widely known defense grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO). It was formed during the cold war when several Western
Military Defense European countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe against the
threat of the Soviet Union.

Countries form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better returns for
their exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners. For
Economic instance, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was
development established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate
the production and sale of oil.

Protection from To pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national
the pressures sovereignty, racial and national equality, non-intervention, and peaceful conflict
resolution, thus the presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia
of superpower created the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
politics
 Some Aspects That Led To A Greater Asian
Integration

2. Establishment of 3. Availability of
formal institutions such economic grants and
1. market-driven
as the Asian overseas development
integration
Development Bank assistance by better
(ADB). Asian economies.

5 .Establishment of two
economic structures. 6. ASEAN follows a
4. Expansion of a. the Chiang Mai consensus rule as an
production networks Initiative approach to decision
b. the Asian Bond making
Markets Initiative
1. Market-driven integration

 Within Asia, there are a variety of systems, institutions, procedures,

social relations, and infrastructures that are put into place for
countries to engage in exchange.
 For instance:
o Emerging and developing economies in Japan, China, South
Korea, and other Asian countries get the labor services of
Filipino skilled workers. Southeast Asians market their goods
within the region.
o Thailand exports its grocery products to 24-hour convenience
stores.
o Vietnam and Indonesia sell their bags and clothing to the region.
2. Establishment of formal institutions such as the
Asian Development Bank (ADB).
o Conceived in the 1960s, it promotes
social and economic development in
Asia.
o Composed of 67 members, 48 of which
are from the Asia-Pacific region, the
financial institution aids its members
and partners by providing loans,
technical assistance, grants, and
equity investments.
o Initially, it focused its assistance on
food production and rural development
to serve a predominantly agricultural
region.
3. Availability of economic grants and overseas
development assistance by better Asian economies.

For example:
 aims to work on human security
and quality growth. The agency
targets to promote international
cooperation and the development
of the Japanese and global
economy by supporting the socio-
economic development, recovery,
or economic stability of developing
regions.
4. Expansion of production networks

 Economies are mainly on comparative advantage

through the regional division of labor.
 For instance,
o The Philippines' major exports are electronic products
and copper products to name a few.
o Indonesia sells palm oil, rubber, and natural gas within
the region.
o South Korea produces machinery products and motor
vehicles,
5 .Establishment of Two Economic Structures - the Chiang
Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative

 It was with cooperation among the ASEAN and East

Asian countries ensued the ASEAN +3 Financial
Ministers' Process that established two economic
structures—the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Asian
Bond Markets Initiative.
 The process aims to strengthen policy dialogue,
coordination, and collaboration on common financial,
monetary, and fiscal issues.
6. ASEAN follows a consensus rule as
an approach to decision making
 Unlike EU which is rules-based, ASEAN follows
a consensus approach to decision making.
 This process prevents collision of cultural beliefs
and economic policies that are understandably not
easy to unite because of the region's diversity of
archipelagic lives.
 How does Asian Regional Alternatives
countries respond
to the challenges
brought about by Big group
globalization?
Small group
Local communities
As a Big Group
 As a reaction to global economic integration Asian
countries established their own Asian Development
Bank (ADB) that is more focused on Asia and the.
• The forerunner of institution is Japan which believes
that investments can be a factor to social
development.
• Consequently, Japan is a major contributor to ADB.
• Asian nations work in the form of loans, grants, and
information sharing on topics such as terrorism and
regional security.
 1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural
development in the region;

As a Big Group 2) to promote regional peace and stability;

3) to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of

 Another initial reaction to common interest;
globalization is the
establishment of the 4) to provide assistance to each other in the form of training and
research facilities;
ASEAN.
• It fosters the spirit of 5) to collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their
regionalism and agriculture and industries

oneness of Asian
6) to expand trade, improve their transportation and communications
nations. facilities, and raise the living standards of their people;
• As a group, it sets out
in the ASEAN 7) to promote Southeast Asian Studies;
Declaration their aims
and purposes.
8) to maintain close and beneficial cooperation.
As a Small Group
 As a reaction, individual countries do bilateral or
multilateral agreements.
• For example, the Philippines has standing bilateral agreements with
China in trade, defense, infrastructure, transnational crimes, tourism,
education, health, and many others. In fact, in the recent visit of current
Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte to China, Chinese leaders
expressed their support for the president's campaign against illegal
drugs and terrorism, among others.
 Another reaction comes from China, India, and Japan as
important regional players.
• They initiate concrete dialogue in formulating visions, shared goals, and
roadmaps for regional cooperation in Asia.
As a Small Group Reaction to
globalization (and the
West), like the Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria
 As a reaction to rise of terror groups (ISIS) which has
o To combat global terrorism, these countries made spread to the Muslim
use of their available resources to minimize and communities in
ultimately stop the effects on civilian-victims such as Southern Philippines,
displacement and suffering. Indonesia, and
o More so, they reached military multilateral Malaysia.
agreements to address this common problem.
• In 2017, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia
had a trilateral security meeting wherein they
agreed that they need to conduct joint navy patrols
within their boundaries to prevent the entry and exit
of the terror group (Antiporta, 2017).
As Local Communities
 Other reactions to globalization came in the form of
disengagement from globalization that transpired
locally.
• Santi Suk village in Thailand created its own
currency, called the bia, that was regulated by a
central bank in a village. This homemade
currency can only be used in participating
villages, and cannot be exchanged for
Thailand's baht.
 Other forms of disengagement appeared in the
formation of self-sufficiency groups, community-
owned rice mills, and cooperative shops; the
gathering of traditional herbal practitioners; and the
preference for local products (Kimura, 2014).
Conclusion
 Globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer
to integration. Their difference lies on the scope.
Globalization is worldwide, while regionalization focuses on
a specific geographical region.
 As a response to world homogenization and division,
regionalism that comes in various forms of regional
alternatives to globalization spawned within and among
regions in Asia.
 Asian integration did not happen based only on one
historical event for there were different factors that led to this
alliance.