Basics of Protection
Basics of Protection
basics
Electric Power System
VS
Relay
V
P
Relay Purpose
Isolate controlling circuit from controlled
circuit.
Control high voltage system with low voltage.
Control high current system with low current.
Logic Functions
Advantages for Using Protective Relays
• Detect system failures when they
occur and isolate the faulted section
from the remaining of the system.
• Mitigating the effects of failures after
they occur.
• Minimize risk of fire, danger to
personal and other high voltage
systems.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
• Low voltage circuit breaker
• Magnetic circuit breaker
• Medium voltage circuit
breaker
• High voltage circuit breaker
Battery bank
• Battery bank are called as
backbone of protection system
• Emergency use for
power system
Fuse
• Fuses are selected to allow passage of normal
current and of excessive current only for
short periods.
• It is used to protect the low voltage or
current rating devices
Lighting arrester
• A lightning arrester is a device used on
electrical power system to protect the
insulation damaging effect of
lightning.
• All lighting arrester are earthed
What is Switchgear ?
• Switchgear is the combination of switches,
fuses or circuit breakers(CB) used to
control , protect & isolate electrical
equipment.
• It is used de-energize equipment & clear
faults.
Different elements of switchgear
• Circuit breaker • Load Breaking Switch LBS
Air ckt breaker ACB • By pass and changeover
Vacuumed ckt breaker
switches
VCB Oil filled ckt breaker
OCB
SF6 Ckt Breaker • Isolators(switches)
• Fuses
• MCCB (Moulded Case
Ckt Breakers)
• MCB
(Miniature Circuit Breaker)
• RCCB
Residual current circuit breaker
Function wise categories
• Automatic & Manual operation
{ example: Circuit breaker ,MCB ,
MCCB }
Unsymmetrical fault
Faults in which not all the line currents are equal
and not all have the same phase.
Example (any one): single phase line to ground
fault (L-G), two phase to ground (LL-G) fault and
phase to phase (L-L) fault.
Abnormalities in Power Systems
SLG 85
LL 8
DLG 5
3L 2 or less
Frequency of Fault Occurrence
Equipment % of Total
Overhead lines 50
Cables 10
Switchgear 15
Transformers 12
CTs and PTs 2
Control Equipment 3
Miscellaneous 8
S Y M M E T R I C A L FAU LT
T HREE- P H A S E FAU LT
T H R E E P H A S E - E A RT H
FAU LT
U N S Y M M E T R I C A L FAU LT
P H A S E – P H A S E FAU LT
TWO P H A S E – E A RT H
FAU LT
S I N G L E P H A S E - E A RT H
FAU LT
O P E N C I RC U I T FAU LT
SINGLE- PHASE OPEN
C I RC U I T
TWO- P H A S E O P E N
C I RC U I T
T HREE- P H A S E O P E N
C I RC U I T
Equipments Causes of Faults
&
% of total fault
Over head lines •Lighting Stroke
•Earthquake
(50%) •Icing
•Birds
•Tree branches
•Kite Strings
•Internal Overvoltage
state sooner
Relay terminology –
definitions
Relays are electrical
switches that open or close
another circuit under certain
conditions.
Protective relays are devices which
monitor power system conditions and
operate to quickly and accurately isolate
faults or dangerous conditions. A well
designed protective system can limit
damage to equipment, as well as minimize
the extent of associated service
interruption.
Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit.
Control high voltage system with low voltage.
Control high current system with low current.
Logic Functions
Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
Microprocessor-based Relay
◦ Much higher precision and more reliable and durable.
◦ Capable of both digital and analog I/O.
◦ Higher cost
Detect system failures when they occur and
isolate the faulted section from the remaining of
the system.