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Distribution Overcurrent Protection and Coordination

There are three main types of distribution systems - urban, suburban, and rural - which differ in characteristics like backbone length, protection devices used, and load density. Current protection practices involve establishing protective zones around each power system element to isolate faults without disrupting other areas. Some overlap between zones is needed to ensure faults in boundary areas still trigger circuit breaker trips. Transformer protection methods include thermal overload relays that simulate winding temperature based on current measurements and time constants. Earth fault protection uses current transformers on phases and neutral to sense ground fault currents.

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Ronieboy Baliber Cairo
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193 views52 pages

Distribution Overcurrent Protection and Coordination

There are three main types of distribution systems - urban, suburban, and rural - which differ in characteristics like backbone length, protection devices used, and load density. Current protection practices involve establishing protective zones around each power system element to isolate faults without disrupting other areas. Some overlap between zones is needed to ensure faults in boundary areas still trigger circuit breaker trips. Transformer protection methods include thermal overload relays that simulate winding temperature based on current measurements and time constants. Earth fault protection uses current transformers on phases and neutral to sense ground fault currents.

Uploaded by

Ronieboy Baliber Cairo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTRIBUTION OVERCURRENT PROTECTION AND COORDINATION

Generally, in most of the countries that cover large area,


there are three types of distribution systems: urban,
suburban, and rural. Each type of them has its own features
regarding the length of the backbone, types of protection
devices used, types of laterals, load density, and voltage
level.
Current Protection Practices:
What is surge protection?
A surge protector, also known as a surge suppressor, is a device
that is made to protect electronic equipment from unwanted
power surges or "spikes." It takes only a tiny amount of voltage
increase to damage most of today's sensitive electronics.
Protection Zone in Power System
Protection zone is defined as the part of the power system which is protected by a
certain protective scheme. It is established around each power system equipment.
When the fault occurs on any of the protection zones then only the circuit
breakers within that zone will be opened. Thus, only the faulty element will be
isolated without disturbing the rest of the system.

Overlapping Zone of Power System

If there were no overlapping in the protective zone, then the failure occurs in the
equipment will not lie in any one of the zones and hence no circuit breaker would be
tripped. The fault occurs in the unprotective system will damage the equipment and
hence disturb the continuity of the supply.
The figure shows a certain amount of
overlapping between the protective zones.

The probability of failure in the overlap


region is very small. But the overlap
region will cause the tripping of the more
circuit breaker than the minimum
necessary for the disconnection of the
fault's region. Because when the fault
occurs in any one of the two overlapping
regions than the breaker of both the
region will be opened, and the systems
are isolated.
This is the simple way of protecting the bus-bar from
the fault. The fault occurs on the bus-bar because of
the supplying system. So, the backup protection is
provided to the supply system. The figure below shows
the simple arrangement for the protection of bus-bar.
The bus A is protected by the distance protection of
the bus B. If the fault occurs on A, then the B will
operate. The operating times of the relay will be 0.4
seconds.
The summation current of the current transformer flows through the operating coil of
the relay. The current flows through the relay coils indicates the short circuit current
present on the secondary of the CTs. Thus, the relay sends the signal to the circuit
breakers to open the contacts.
The drawback of such types of the scheme is that the iron cored current transformer
causes the fault operation of the relay at the time of the external fault.
When the system is free from fault or external fault occurs on the system, the sum of
secondary current of CTs becomes zero. On the occurrence of the internal fault, the fault
current flows the differential relay. The relay becomes operative and gives command to the
circuit breaker to open their contacts. Thus, protects the system from damage.
What are the protection of a transformer?

The protection of a transformer against the overloads is performed by a dedicated


protection usually called thermal overload relay. This type of protection simulates
the temperature of the transformer's windings. The simulation is based on the
measure of the current and on the thermal time constant of the transformer.
•The earth fault current is sensed from the bushing CTs of the phases and neutral side CT which may
be either bushing CT or by the external CT in case of resistive earthing.
•REF protection is implemented using a set of Phase Current Transformers and Neutral Current
transformer along with Metrosil and Stabilising Resistors.

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