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Engineering Mechanics: Rusul Khalid Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering

Engineering mechanics deals with the behavior of bodies under the action of forces. Statics studies bodies at rest under external forces, while dynamics studies bodies in motion. Dynamics includes kinematics, which examines motion without forces, and kinetics, which considers motion with forces. Some key concepts are mass, length, time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and Newton's laws of motion. Forces are represented as vectors and can act alone or as systems that are collinear, parallel, coplanar, concurrent or non-concurrent. The international system of units is used to quantify mechanical concepts.

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21 views18 pages

Engineering Mechanics: Rusul Khalid Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering

Engineering mechanics deals with the behavior of bodies under the action of forces. Statics studies bodies at rest under external forces, while dynamics studies bodies in motion. Dynamics includes kinematics, which examines motion without forces, and kinetics, which considers motion with forces. Some key concepts are mass, length, time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and Newton's laws of motion. Forces are represented as vectors and can act alone or as systems that are collinear, parallel, coplanar, concurrent or non-concurrent. The international system of units is used to quantify mechanical concepts.

Uploaded by

Ali aliraqi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Mechanics

Rusul Khalid
Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering
INTRODUCTION
Mechanics is the physical science concerned with the behaviour of bodies that
are acted upon by forces.
Statics is the study which deals with the condition of bodies in equilibrium
subjected to external forces.
In other words, when the force system acting on a body is balanced, the system
has no external effect on the body, the body is in equilibrium.
Dynamics is also a branch of mechanics in which the forces and their effects on
the bodies in motion are studied. Dynamics is sub-divided into two parts:
(1) Kinematics and (2) Kinetics
Kinematics deals with the geometry of motion of bodies without the
application of external forces.

Kinetics deals with the motion of bodies with the application of external
forces.
The followings are the basic terms which are used in mechanics:

Mass: The quantity of the matter possessed by a body is called mass. The mass
of a body can not change unless the body is damaged and part of it is physically
separated.

Length: It is a concept to measure linear distances.

Time: Time is the measure of succession of events. The successive event


selected is the rotation of earth about its own axis and this is called a day.

Displacement: It is defined as the distance moved by a body/particle in the


specified direction.
Velocity: The rate of change of displacement with respect to time is defined
as velocity.

Acceleration: It is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

Momentum: The product of mass and velocity is called momentum. Thus

Momentum = Mass × Velocity

Particle: It can be defined as an object which has only mass and no size.
Such a body cannot exist theoretically.
When we deal with the problems involving distances considerably larger
compared to the size of the body, the body may be treated as particle.
LAWS OF MECHANICS
The following are the fundamental laws of mechanics:
(i) Newton’s first law
(ii) Newton’s second law
(iii) Newton’s third law

(i) Newton’s first law: It states that everybody continues in its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by an external agency acting on it.
(ii) Newton’s second law: It states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is
directly proportional to the impressed force and it takes place in the direction of the force
acting on it.
According to this law,
Force = rate of change of momentum. But momentum = mass × velocity
As mass do not change,
Force = mass × rate of change of velocity
i.e., Force = mass × acceleration

F=m×a
(iii) Newton’s third law: It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
S.I Units (International System of Units)
• The fundamental units of the system are metre (m) for length,
• kilogram (kg) for mass
• second (s) for time.
• The unit for force is newton (N).

(One newton is the amount of force required to induce an acceleration of 1


m/sec2 on one kg mass).

(Weight of a body (in N) = Mass of the body (in kg ) × Acceleration due to


gravity (in m/sec2).)
Some Quantity Measurement Units
Vectors:
Various quantities used in engineering mechanics may be grouped into scalars
and vectors.
Scalar Quantity: A quantity is said to be scalar if it is completely defined by
its magnitude alone. Examples of scalar quantities are:
Area, length, Mass, Moment of inertia, Energy, Power, Volume and Work etc.
Vector Quantity: A quantity is said to be vector if it is completely defined
only when its magnitude as well as direction are specified. Examples of vector
quantities include:
Force, Moment, Momentum, Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration.
FORCE SYSTEM

1-CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE : A Force has following basic characteristics


i) Magnitude
ii) Direction
iii) Point of application
iv) Line of action
Force is represented as a vector .i.e an arrow with its magnitude.
Ex: magnitude of force is 4KN, direction is 40° with the horizontal in fourth
quadrant, point of application is C and line of action is AB.

Smaller magnitudes of forces are measured in newton (N) and larger in kilo newton (KN).
2. SYSTEMS OF FORCES
When a mechanics problem or system has more than one force acting, it is known as
a ‘force system’ or ‘system of force’.
A) Collinear Force System
When the lines of action of all the forces of a system act along the same line, this force
system is called collinear force system.

B) Parallel Forces
C) Coplanar Force System
When the lines of action of a set of forces lie in a single plane is called coplanar force
system.

D) Non-Coplanar Force System


When the line of action of all the forces do not lie in one plane, is called Non-coplanar
force system
E) Concurrent Force System

The forces when extended pass through a single point and the point is called
point of concurrency. The lines of actions of all forces meet at the point of
concurrency. Concurrent forces may or may not be coplanar.
F) Non-concurrent Force System
When the forces of a system do not meet at a common point of concurrency,
this type of force system is called non-concurrent force system. Parallel
forces are the example of this type of force system. Non-concurrent forces
may be coplanar or non-coplanar.
G) Coplanar and concurrent force system
A force system in which all the forces lie in a single plane and meet at one
point.

H) Coplanar and non-concurrent force system


These forces do not meet at a common point; however, they lie in a single
plane.
I) Non-coplanar and concurrent force system
In this system, the forces lie in a different planes but pass through a single point.

J) Non-coplanar and non-concurrent force system


The forces which do not lie in a single plane and do not pass through a single point are
known as non-coplanar and non-concurrent forces.

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