TURBOMACHINERY

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
• Turbomachines constitute a large class of machines
which are found virtually everywhere in the civilized
world.
• This group includes such devices as pumps,
turbines, and fans.
• Each of these has certain essential elements, the
most important of which is the rotor, or rotating
member.
CONTINUED
• There is, of course, attached to this spinning
component a substantial shaft through which
power flows to or from the rotor, usually piercing
a metallic envelope known as the casing.
• The casing is also pierced by fluid-carrying pipes
which allow fluid to be admitted to and carried
away from the enclosure bounded by the casing.
CONTINUED
• Thus a turbomachine always involves an energy
transfer between a flowing fluid and a rotor.
• If the transfer of energy is from rotor to fluid, the
machine is a pump, fan, or compressor; if the
flow of energy is from the fluid to the rotor, the
machine is a turbine.
CONTINUED
• The purpose of the process described above is either to pressurize the
fluid or to produce power.
• Useful work done by the fluid on the turbine rotor appears outside
the casing as work done in turning; for example, it can tum the rotor
of a generator.
• A pump, on the other hand, receives energy from an external electric
motor and imparts this energy to the fluid in contact with the rotor, or
impeller, of the pump.
CONTINUED
• A water pump might be used to raise the pressure of water, causing it
to flow up into a reservoir through a pipe against the resistance of
frictional and gravitational forces.
• On the other hand, the pressure at the bottom of a reservoir could be
used to produce a flow through a hydraulic turbine, which would then
produce a turning moment in the rotor against the resistance to
turning offered by the connected electric generator.
 The pump impeller

A typical turbomachine rotor, a centrifugal pump impeller

CONTINUED
• Liquid enters the eye E of the impeller moving in an axial
direction, and then turns to a radial direction to finally
emerge at the discharge D having both a radial and a
tangential component of velocity.
• The vanes V impart a curvilinear motion to the fluid particles,
thus setting up a radial centrifugal force which is responsible
for the outward flow of fluid against the resistance of wall
friction and pressure forces.
CONTINUED
• The vanes of the rotor impart energy to the fluid
by virtue of pressure forces on their surfaces,
which are undergoing a displacement as rotation
takes place.
• Energy from an electric motor is thus supplied at
a constant rate through the shaft S which is
assumed to be turning at a constant angular
speed.
CONTINUED
• If the direction of fluid flow in Figure above is reversed, the rotor
becomes part of a turbine, and power is delivered through the shaft S
to an electric generator or other load.
• Typically, hydraulic turbines have such a configuration (see Figure
below) and are used to generate large amounts of electric power by
admitting high-pressure water stored in dams to the periphery of such
a rotor.
Turbine impeller
CONTINUED
• A pressure drop occurs between the inlet and the
outlet of the turbine; the water exits axially and is
conducted away and discharged at atmospheric
pressure.
CONTINUED
• If the substance flowing through the impeller of pump
(the first figure) were a gas, then the device would be
a centrifugal compressor, blower, or fan, depending
on the magnitude of the pressure rise occurring
during transit from inlet to outlet.
• For the reversed flow case, i.e., a radially inward flow,
the machine would be called a radial-flow gas turbine
or turboexpander.
CONTINUED
• A different type of turbomachine is shown in Figure
below. Here the flow direction is generally axial, i.e.,
parallel to the axis of rotation.
• The machine shown in this figure represents an axial-
flow compressor or blower, or with a different blade
shape an axial-flow gas or steam turbine, depending
on the direction of energy flow and the kind of fluid
present.
CONTINUED
• In all of the machines mentioned thus far, the working fluid
undergoes a change in pressure in flowing from inlet to
outlet, or vice versa.
• Generally, pressure change takes place in a diffuser or nozzle,
and in the rotor as well. However, there is a class of turbines
in which pressure change does not occur in the rotor.
• These are called impulse, or zero-reaction, turbines, as
distinguished from the so-called reaction turbine, which
allows a pressure decrease in both nozzle and rotor.
CONTINUED
• A hydraulic turbine with zero reaction is shown.
CONTINUED
• Sizes vary from a few inches to several feet in diameter. Fluid
states vary widely as well. Steam at near-critical conditions
may enter one turbine, while cool river water enters another.
• Room air may enter one compressor, while cold refrigerant is
drawn into a second. The materials encountered in the
machines are selected to suit the temperatures, pressures,
and chemical natures of the fluids handled, and
manufacturing methods include welding, casting, and
machining.
APPLICATION
• The steam power plant, which is responsible for the generation of
most electrical power in the world.
• A steam turbine is usually used as the prime mover. Steam for the
turbine is supplied from a boiler at high pressure and temperature.
• Water for making the steam is forced into the boiler by means of a
multiple-stage centrifugal pump.
CONTINUED
• Fuel for creating the heat in the boiler is supplied by a pump,
compressor, or blower, depending on the nature of the fuel.
• Air for combustion of the fuel enters the boiler through a
large centrifugal fan.
• After the steam has been generated in the boiler and has
expanded in the turbine, it is exhausted into a condenser
where it is condensed and collected as condensate.
CONTINUED
• Pumps are used to remove the condensate from the
condenser and deliver it to feedwater heaters, from which it
is drawn into the boiler feed pumps to repeat the cycle.
• The condensation process requires that large amounts of
cooling water be forced through the tubes of the condenser
by large centrifugal pumps.
• In many cases the cooling water is itself cooled in cooling
towers, which are effective because large volumes of outside
air are forced through the towers by axial-flow fans.
CONTINUED
• Electricity generation (Hydro Turbines, Steam and Gas Turbines,
Wind Turbines)
• Jet engine (Multi-stage Turbines and Multi-stage Compressors
coupled)
• Industrial and miscellaneous service (Air Compressors in
Pneumatic systems, pumps in hydraulic and cooling systems and
also in steam generating cycle)
CONTINUED
• HVAC (Pumps, blowers, fans)
• Refrigerators (centrifugal compressor)
• Agriculture (pumps)
• Automobiles (Radiator i.e air fan, Turbocharger i.e energy recovery
unit)
• Propellers in ships
Components of A simple
turbomachine
• Rotor: It is the main component and consists of the circumferentially
arrayed blades or buckets around a circular disc, a hub or a shaft.
• Stator: It is also called guide vane which directs the flow into the
stator blades for maximum utilization of the fluid energy.
• Casing: It is the component of many turbo machines which distributes
the flow through each rotor blades. It allows flow to enter and leave
the turbomachine after extracting energy and also prevents losses as
a result of splash out flow and leakage.
• Shaft: It transmit energy between the turbomachine and
another
coupled system like a motor or generator.
1.4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF TURBO MACHINES
The Turbo machines may be classified under different categories as follows:
1. On the Basis of Direction of Energy Conversion:
The device in which the kinetic, potential of the fluid is converted in the form of mechanical energy of a rotating member is known as a turbine. The machines, on the other
hand, where the mechanical energy from moving parts is transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by increasing either its pressure or velocity are known as pumps,
compressors, fans or blowers.

2. On the Basis of Power:

(a)Power producing machine- Fluid transfer its energy to the machine
Pressure Energy (Pr E) of fluid is converted into mechanical energy in a close container by a machine- Hydro static machine
Pressure Energy (Pr E) of fluid is converted by the dynamic action of fluid due to relative motion between the fluid and machine - Hydro Dynamic machine
Hydraulic turbines (the work is done by the fluid on the rotor).
(b)Power Absorbing machine- Energy supplied to the shaft of a machine (Shaft Power) is transfer to the Fluid due to relative motion between the fluid and machine
Pump, compressor, fan or blower (the work is done by the rotor on the fluid element).

3. On the Basis of Main Direction of Fluid Path in the Rotor:

(a) Tangential flow- Fluid velocity is in the direction of tangent to the runner and it strikes in the form of jet.
V
(b) Radial Flow- flow of fluid is in radial direction
(i)Radial inward flow- The flow is towards the center of the rotor and away from the Rim.
Eg. Inward flow Turbine
(ii)Radial outward flow- The flow is away from the center and towards to Rim Eg. Pumps and Compressors
Examples of radial flow machines are the Francis turbines and the centrifugal pumps or compressors
(c) Axial flow- If flow is axially to the machine means fluid insert at center and exit at center also
Eg. Axial flow turbine, axial flow pump and compressor.
(d) Mixed flow- If the flow is partly radial and partly axial, the term mixed-flow machine is used.
 R A D IA L AIR A X IA L AIR
FLOW
FLOW

PROPELLER TYPE
FAN ( T W O STAGE)
C E N T R IF U G A L TYPE FAN

Fig. : Turbomachine on the basis of fluid path

Types of Flow

Tangential Flow Axial Flow or

Parallel Flow Radial Flow Mixed Flow

Pelton wheel Turbine, Kaplan Turbine. Radial + axial

Centrifugal Pump, Axial Flow Pump, Outward Radial Inword Radial
Centrifugal Axial Flow
Compressor Compressor
Fourneyron Turbine Old Francis Trubine Modern Francis
Trubine
4. On the Basis of Fluid Used:

The machine transferring mechanical energy of rotor to the energy of fluid is termed as a pump when it uses liquid, and is termed as a compressor or a fan or a blower, when
it uses gas. The compressor is a machine where the main objective is to increase the static pressure of a gas. Therefore,
The mechanical energy held by the fluid is mainly in the form of pressure energy. Fans or blowers, on the other hand, mainly cause a high flow of gas, and hence utilize the
mechanical energy of the rotor to increase mostly the kinetic energy of the fluid. In these machines, the change in static pressure is quite small.
For all practical purposes, liquid used by the turbines (for producing power) is water, and therefore, they are termed as water turbines or hydraulic turbines. Turbines
handling gases, steam in practical fields are usually referred to as steam turbine, gas turbine, and air turbine depending upon whether they use steam, gas (the mixture of air and
products of burnt fuel in air) or air.

5. On the Basis of Fluid Action on the machine (Operation):

On the basis of operation turbomachines are two types:
(1) Impulse
(2) Reaction
6. Based on Operating Head:-
(a) Low Head – (< 60 m) – Kaplan Turbine
(b) Medium Head – (60 m < H < 250 m) – Francis Turbine
(c) High Head – (> 250 m) – Pelton wheel Turbine

7. Based on Specific Speed:-

(d) Low Specific Speed – (< 50 RPM) – Pelton wheel Turbine
(e) Medium Specific Speed – (50 RPM < Ns < 400 RPM) – Francis Turbine
(f) High Specific Speed – (> 400 RPM) – Kaplan Turbine

8. On the Basis of Fluid used:

(i) Incompressible Fluid ( = C)
Ex.–Liquid Pump
(ii) Compressible Fluid ( # C)
Ex.– Compressor (air), fan and Blower
(a)Single stage axial flow compressor or pump, (b) Mixed flow pump (Radial + Axial), (c) Centrifugal Compressor or Pump, (d) Francis Turbine
(mixed flow type), (e) Kaplan Turbine (Axial Flow), (f) Pelton wheel (Tangential Flow)
 Energy extracting
devices

E
Energy delivering
devices

Radial Axial Mixed

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF TURBOMACHINES
Impulse Momentum Principle (Conservation of linear momentum principle)

Momentum (P) = M V

According to Newton’s IInd law of motion – The magnitude of applied force is equal to the Rate of change of Linear momentum in the direction of applied force.

BUT – the direction of force will depends on the direction in which the change of momentum takes place.
F = d/ dt (mV)
= m * dV/dt + V *dm/dt
For solid body M = Constant so dm/dt = 0 F = m * dV/dt
F=m*a

For fluid mechanics we are concerned with constant mass flow rate of a continuous fluid.

F = (m/dt) * dV

For initial condition F = (m/t) * (Vf -Vi)

Force Exerted by the body on the fluid
F = ṁ * (Vf -Vi)
Or F = (m/t) * (Vf -Vi)
Impulse Momentum Principle
F * t = m * (Vf -Vi)
Case: Force exerted by the fluid on the body (By Newton’s III law of motion) – Equal & opposite

Force exerted by the fluid on the body (It is used for impact of Jet)
F = ṁ * (Vi -Vf)
F = – (ṁ Vf )
(Force exerted by Fluid on body) = (Rate of momentum in) (ṁ V i ) – (Rate of momentum out)
Note:- Fluid Mechanics ṁ = ρ A V = m/t (Mass Flow Rate)
Discharge (Quantity of Water) = Q = A V or ṁ = ρ Q
Force exerted by the jet of fluid striking on moving or fixed plate Surface
F = ρ Q * (Vi -Vf)
If we provide a force through jet on a blade there will be change in velocity in linear direction due to change of linear momentum (P) and it will move
in a line (Impulse momentum principle).

But If blade is mounted or fixed on runner (Rotor) then it will start to rotate at particular angle due to rate of change of angular momentum (J)----
This is called Principle of Turbomachine
Velocity Triangles for
Stages
• A stage is a combination of a stator and rotor blades either in

• compressor or turbine. It can be a single stage or multi stages.

• Since most turbomachines are assumed to be steady flow systems, the
parameters of interest are the ones on the surface boundaries (inlet
and exit boundaries) of the CV. So we are going to deal with velocity
triangles at the inlet and exit of the rotor and stator blades of a stage.
THE END