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Module 4

This document discusses strings in Python. It explains that strings are sequences of characters that can be accessed using indexes. Various string methods like find(), upper(), and slices are demonstrated. The document also notes that strings are immutable, so assigning to an index will fail, and the string module provides constants but strings are typically stored and manipulated using lists.

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Sriharsha V J
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9 views

Module 4

This document discusses strings in Python. It explains that strings are sequences of characters that can be accessed using indexes. Various string methods like find(), upper(), and slices are demonstrated. The document also notes that strings are immutable, so assigning to an index will fail, and the string module provides constants but strings are typically stored and manipulated using lists.

Uploaded by

Sriharsha V J
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Strings are not like integers, floats, and booleans.

• A string is a sequence, ----ordered collection of other values.

• In this chapter ---see how to access the characters that make up a string ----
learn about some of the methods strings
• A String Is a Sequence

• A string ---- sequence of characters.

• You can access---- the characters one at a time---with the bracket operator:

• >>> fruit = 'banana'

• >>> letter = fruit[1]

• The second statement----- selects character number 1 from fruit and assigns it to
letter.

• The expression in brackets ----- called an index.

• The index indicates---- which character in the sequence you want (hence the name).
• But you might not get what you expect:

• >>> letter

• 'a'

• For most people---- the first letter of 'banana' is b, not a.

• But for computer scientists-------the index is an offset----- from the beginning of


the string, and the offset of the first letter ----is zero.

• >>> letter = fruit[0]

• >>> letter

• 'b'
• So b---- the 0th letter ----of 'banana', a ---- the 1st letter and n -----2th letter

• As an index, you can use an expression that contains variables and operators:

• >>> i = 1

• >>> fruit[i]

• 'a'

• >>> fruit[i+1]

• 'n'

• But the value of the index has to be an integer. Otherwise you get:

• >>> letter = fruit[1.5]

• TypeError: string indices must be integers


• String Slices

• A segment of a string is called a slice.

• Selecting a slice is similar to selecting a character:

• >>> s = 'Monty Python'

• >>> s[0:5]

• 'Monty'

• >>> s[6:12]

• 'Python'
• The operator [n:m] returns the part of the string----- from the “n-eth”
character to the “m-eth” character

• Including the first but excluding the last.

• This behavior is counter‐intuitive(does not happen---we expect)----- but it


might help to imagine------ the indices pointing between the characters, as in
Figure
• If you omit the first index (before the colon), the slice starts at the beginning
of the string.

• If you omit the second index, the slice goes to the end of the string:

• >>> fruit = 'banana'

• >>> fruit[:3]

• 'ban'

• >>> fruit[3:]

• 'ana'
• If the first index---- is greater than or equal to the second----- the result is an
empty string-----represented by two quotation marks:

• fruit = 'banana'

• >>> fruit[3:3]

• ''

• An empty string contains ----no characters and has length 0

• Continuing this example, what do you think fruit[:] means? Try it and see.
• Strings Are Immutable(not change)

• It is tempting to use the [] operator on the left side of an assignment, ----- the
intention of changing a character in a string.

• For example:

• >>> greeting = 'Hello, world!'

• >>> greeting[0] = 'J'

• TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment


• The “object” in this case is the string and the “item” is the character you tried to assign.

• The reason for the error -----strings are immutable----- which means you can’t change an
existing string.

• The best -----create a new string -----variation on the original:

• >>> greeting = 'Hello, world!'

• >>> new_greeting = 'J' + greeting[1:]

• >>> new_greeting

• 'Jello, world!’

• This example concatenates a new first letter----- onto a slice of greeting.

• It has no effect------ on the original string.


• String Methods

• Strings -----provide methods------ that perform a variety of useful operations.

• A method is similar to a function—it takes arguments and returns a value—but the syntax is
different.

• For example----- the method upper -------takes a string and returns a new string with all uppercase
letters.

• Instead of the function syntax upper(word), it uses the method syntax word.upper():

• >>> word = 'banana'

• >>> new_word = word.upper()

• >>> new_word

• 'BANANA'
• The empty parentheses----- indicate------ that this method takes no arguments.

• A method call is called an invocation;

• In this case, we would say that we are invoking (call)----upper on word.

• There is a string method named--- “find”----- that is remarkably similar to the


function we wrote:

• >>> word = 'banana'

• >>> index = word.find('a')

• >>> index

•1
• Actually---- the find method is------- more general than our function;

• it can find substrings,-----not just characters:

• >>> word.find('na')

•2

• By default---- find starts at the beginning of the string, but it can take a second
arguement, the index where it should start:

• >>> word.find('na', 3)

•4

• This is an example of an “optional argument”


• find ---- also take a third argument, the index where it should stop:

• >>> name = 'bob'

• >>> name.find('b', 1, 2)

• -1

• This search fails ---because b does not appear----- in the index range from 1
to 2
• STRING MODULE:PYTHON ARRAY

• In Python----- the string module---- is not directly related to arrays.

• The string module----- provides a collection of constants and classes for dealing with
strings of characters.

• However------ if you're looking to work------ with arrays of characters (i.e., strings), you
would typically use the built-in list data type.

• Here's a brief overview of the string module and how you might use it alongside arrays:
• import string

• print(string.digits)

• print(string.ascii_letters)

• print(string.punctuation)

• my_string = "Hello, World!“

• char_array = list(my_string)

• print(char_array)

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