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L8 - Linear Algebra - Linear Independent and Dependent

The document discusses linear independence and dependence of vector sets. It provides definitions and examples to illustrate linearly independent and dependent sets in different vector spaces, including the vector space of matrices and polynomial functions. Theorems are presented about properties of linearly independent and dependent sets.

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kireetiv2005
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50 views10 pages

L8 - Linear Algebra - Linear Independent and Dependent

The document discusses linear independence and dependence of vector sets. It provides definitions and examples to illustrate linearly independent and dependent sets in different vector spaces, including the vector space of matrices and polynomial functions. Theorems are presented about properties of linearly independent and dependent sets.

Uploaded by

kireetiv2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra

- Linearly Independent

4.1
Linearly independent:
S  w1 , w2 ,  , wr 
If is a nonempty set of vectors in a

vector space V, then the vector equationk1w1  k 2 w2    k r wr  0

has at least one solution, namely,k1  k 2    k r  0 . We call

this is a trivial solution.

If the above vector equation gives only a trivial solution, then

S is said to be a linearly independent set.

If there are solutions in addition (more than one solution) to

the trivial solution, then S is said to be a linearly dependent set. 4.2


n
Example: R
Consider the vector space over ℝ and unit

vectors 1, 0, 0,  , 0  , 0,1, 0,  , 0  , 0, 0, 1,  , 0 , … ,0, 0, 0,  , 1

Set of all these unit vectors is a linearly independent set.

For, let
k1 1, 0, 0,  , 0   k 2 0,1, 0,  , 0     k n 0, 0, 0,  , 1  (0,0,  ,0)

It is very clear thatk1  k 2    k n  0 is the only

solution of the equation.

Hence the given set is linearly independent.


Consider the vector space of all 3⨉3 – matrices & the set
 1 0 0   1 0 0  1 0 0  0 1 0  0 1 0 
of vectors      
 0 0 0 ,  1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ,  0 0 0 ,  0 1 0 ,
  0 0   0 0 0  1 0 0   0 0 0   0 0 0  
 0 
S  
 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
 
0 1   0 0 1
  
 0 1 0 ,  0 0 0 ,  0 0 1 ,  0 0 1 
 

 0 1 0   0 0 0   0  
0 0   0 0 1  

It is very clear that the set S is a linearly independent set.
For, let
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0  0 1 0 0 1 0
         
k1  0 0 0   k 2  1 0 0   k3 1 0 0   k 4  0 0 0   k5  0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 
       
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 0
         
 k 6  0 1 0   k 7  0 0 0   k8  0 0 1   k9  0 0 1   0 0 0
0 1 0  0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0 1  0 0 0 
       
Hence we will get k1  k 2    k9  0 .

Hence the given set is linearly independent.

Consider the vector space of all 3⨉3 – matrices & the set
of vectors  1 0 0   1 0 0  1 0 0   3 0 0 
    
S   0 0 0 ,  1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ,  2 0 0 
 0 0 0   0 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0 
    
For this set the relation
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0   3 0 0 0 0 0
         
k1  0 0 0   k 2  1 0 0   k3 1 0 0   k 4  2 0 0    0 0 0 
0 0 0  0 0 0 1 0 0  1 0 0 0 0 0
         

having a non trivial solution k1  1, k 2  1, k3  1, k 4  1 . Hence S


is not a linearly independent set. i.e. linearly dependent.
Consider the vector space of all polynomials of degree less

than or equal to 5 & the set of vectors S  1, x 3, x 2


3 
k
For this set the relation
1 (1)  k 2  x  3   k 
3 x 2

3  0

having trivial solution only. Hence S is a linearly independent

set. Consider the vector space of all real valued functions from

S   x, sin x, cos x, sin 2 x, cos 2 x


the [a,b] and the set of vectors

For this set the relation


k1 x  k 2 sin x  k3 cos x  k 4 sin 2 x  k5 cos 2 x  0

having trivial solution only. Hence S is a linearly independent


set.
THEOREM:
A set S with two or more vectors is
a) Linearly dependent if and only if at least one of the vectors in S can
be expressed as a linear combination of the other vectors in S.
b) Linearly independent if and only if no vector in S can be expressed
as a linear combination of the other vectors in S.

Example: Consider the vector space of all 3⨉3 – matrices &


 1 0 0   1 0 0  1 0 0   3 0 0 
the set of vectors     
S   0 0 0 ,  1 0 0 , 1 0 0 ,  2 0 0 
 0 0 0   0 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0 
    

In this set the 4th vector can be written as a linear


combination of other three.
4.7
THEOREM:
a)A finite set that contains 0 is linearly dependent.
b)A set with exactly one vector is linearly independent if and
only if that vector is not 0.
c)A set with exactly two vectors is linearly independent if
and only if neither vector is a scalar multiple of the other.

Example: Consider the vector space of all polynomials of


degree less than or equal to 5 & the set of vectors S  1, x  3, 0
For this set the relationk1 (1)  k 2 x  3  k3 0   0 having
infinite number of solution.k1  0, k 2  0, k3 can be any scalar
value..
4.8
2
 Two vectors in R R3 or are linearly independent if and
only if they do not lie on the same line passing through the
origin.

R3

 Three vectors in are linearly independent if and only if


they do not lie in the same plane which passing through the
origin.
Thank
You
4.10

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