Fundamentals of AIML

1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence:

 Introduction
 History of Artificial Intelligence
 Types of AI
Intelligent Systems:
 Categorization of Intelligent System,
 Components of AI Program,
 Applications of AI (Robotics, Healthcare, Industry),
 Current trends in AI.
Intelligent Agents: Agents and Environments,
 The concept of rationality,
 The nature of environment,
 PEAS representation,
 The structure of Agents,
 Types of Agents and Learning Agent.
Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

An adaptation of online resources for educational purpose

What is artificial intelligence?

• "It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines

which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

• John McCarthy coined the word “Artificial Intelligence” at Dartmouth Conference in

1956
• Human mental capabilities: perceive, understand, predict and manipulate
• AI: It attempts not to just understand but also to build intelligent entities
• “The Science and Engineering of making Intelligent Machines”
• Any task:
Machine needs to take decision,
Choose next action based on current state
Act rationally
• Machine shows intelligence: Intelligent systems/Expert Systems
• Applications: Learning, writing stories, autonomous cars, playing games etc.
What is artificial intelligence?
What is artificial intelligence?
Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally
(Congnitive Model Approach) (Law of Thought approach)
- How humans think - The Greek Philosopher Aristotle- “Right thinking”
- Introspection - Syllogisms – patterns for argument structures
- Psychological experiments - Eg. Socrates is man; all men are mortal; therefore;
- Brain Imaging Socrates is mortal
- Cognitive science - Laws of thoughts – “Logic”
- AI + experimental techniques from psychology - Obstacles
- Informal to formal knowledge is difficult
- Solving logical problems “in principle” and “in
practice” (computational constraint)

Acting Humanly Acting Rationally

(Turing Test Approach) (Rational Agent Approach)
- Capabilities of computer - Agent that acts to achieve best outcome when
- NLP uncertainty – best expected outcome
- Knowledge representation - Rational Agent-Acting rationally
- Automated reasoning - Two advantages
- Machine learning - More general than “laws of thought” approach
- Computer vision -
Acting humanly: Turing Test
 Alan’s Turing Test
1. (Human) judge communicates with a human and a machine over text-only channel,

2. Both human and machine try to act like a human,

3. Judge tries to tell which is which.

4. Numerous variants

5. Loebner prize

6. Current programs nowhere close to passing this

http://www.jabberwacky.com/

http://turingtrade.org/
Thinking humanly
Thinking rationally
AI History
AI Domains
Building an “intelligent” computer….

• What are the “components” that might be useful?

• Fast hardware?
• Foolproof software?
• Speech interaction?
• speech synthesis(Text to Speech)
• speech recognition
• speech understanding
• Image recognition and understanding ?
• Learning?
• Planning and decision-making?
build hardware as complex as the brain?

How complicated is our brain?

• a neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic information processing unit
• estimated to be on the order of 10 11 neurons in a human brain
• many more synapses (10 14) connecting these neurons
• cycle time: 10 -3 seconds (1 millisecond)

How complex can we make computers?

• 106 or more transistors per CPU
• supercomputer: hundreds of CPUs, 10 9 bits of RAM
• cycle times: order of 10 - 8 seconds

Conclusion
• YES: in the near future we can have computers with as many basic processing elements as our
brain, but with
• far fewer interconnections (wires or synapses) than the brain
• much faster updates than the brain
• but building hardware is very different from making a computer behave like a brain!
Can Computers Talk?

This is known as “speech synthesis”

• translate text to phonetic form
• e.g., “fictitious” -> fik-tish-es
• use pronunciation rules to map phonemes to actual sound: vowels
• sounds are not independent
• e.g., “act” and “action”
• a harder problem is emphasis, emotion, etc
• humans understand what they are saying
• machines don’t: so they sound unnatural

• Conclusion: NO, for complete sentences, but YES for individual words
Can Computers Recognize Speech?
Speech Recognition:
• mapping sounds from a microphone into a list of words.
• Hard problem: noise, more than one person talking,
occlusion, speech variability,..
• Even if we recognize each word, we may not understand its meaning.

Recognizing single words from a small vocabulary

• systems can do this with high accuracy (order of 99%)
• e.g., directory inquiries
• limited vocabulary (area codes, city names)
• computer tries to recognize you first, if unsuccessful hands you over to a
human operator
• saves millions of dollars a year for the phone companies
Can Computers Understand speech?

Understanding is different to recognition:

“Time flies like an arrow”
assume the computer can recognize all the words
but how could it understand it?
1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
2. command: only time those flies which are like an arrow
3. “time-flies” are fond of arrows

only 1. makes any sense, but how could a computer figure this out?
clearly humans use a lot of implicit commonsense knowledge in communication

Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the capabilities of a computer to understand at present
Can Computers Learn and Adapt ?

Learning and Adaptation

• consider a computer learning to drive on the freeway
• we could code lots of rules about what to do
• and/or we could have it learn from experience

Darpa’s Grand Challenge. Stanford’s “Stanley” drove

150 without supervision in the Majove dessert

• machine learning allows computers to learn to do things without explicit programming

Conclusion: YES, computers can learn and adapt, when presented with information in the appropriate way
Can Computers “see”?

Recognition v. Understanding (like Speech)

• Recognition and Understanding of Objects in a scene
• look around this room
• you can effortlessly recognize objects
• human brain can map 2d visual image to 3d “map”

Why is visual recognition a hard problem?

Conclusion: mostly NO: computers can only “see” certain types of objects under limited circumstances: but YES for certain
constrained problems (e.g., face recognition)
Can Computers plan and make decisions?
Intelligence
• involves solving problems and making decisions and plans
• e.g., you want to visit your cousin in Boston
• you need to decide on dates, flights, you need to get to the airport, etc
• involves a sequence of decisions, plans, and actions

What makes planning hard?

• the world is not predictable:
• your flight is canceled
• do you consider all flights? all dates?
• no: commonsense constrains your solutions
• AI systems are only successful in constrained planning problems
Conclusion: NO, real-world planning and decision-making is still beyond the capabilities of modern
computers
• exception: very well-defined, constrained problems: mission planning for satellites.
Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life

Messaging system:
• automatic address recognition and sorting of mail

Banks
• automatic check readers, signature verification systems
• automated loan application classification

Telephone Companies
• automatic voice recognition for directory inquiries

Credit Card Companies

• automated fraud detection

Computer Companies
• automated diagnosis for help-desk applications

Netflix:
• movie recommendation

Google:
AI Applications: Consumer Marketing

Have you ever used any kind of credit/ATM/store card while shopping?
if so, you have very likely been “input” to an AI algorithm

All of this information is recorded digitally Companies like Nielsen gather this information weekly and
search for patterns
• general changes in consumer behavior
• tracking responses to new products
• identifying customer segments: targeted marketing, e.g., they find out that consumers with sports cars
who buy textbooks respond well to offers of new credit cards.

How do they do this?

Algorithms (“data mining”) search data for patterns based on mathematical theories of learning
AI Applications: Identification Technologies

Biometric Identification
• walk up to a locked door
• camera
• fingerprint device
• microphone
• iris scan
• computer uses your biometric signature for identification
• face, eyes, fingerprints, voice pattern, iris pattern
AI Applications: Predicting the Stock Market

Value of ?
the Stock

The Prediction Problem

time in days
• given the past, predict the future
• very difficult problem!
• we can use learning algorithms to learn a predictive model from historical data
• prob(increase at day t+1 | values at day t, t-1,t-2....,t-k)
• such models are routinely used by banks and financial traders to manage portfolios worth millions of dollars
AI-Applications: Machine Translation

Language problems in international business

• e.g., at a meeting of Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Swedish investors, no common language
• or: you are shipping your software manuals to 127 countries
• solution; hire translators to translate
• would be much cheaper if a machine could do this!

How hard is automated translation

• very difficult!
• e.g., English to Russian
• “The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak” (English)
• “the vodka is good but the meat is rotten” (Russian)
• not only must the words be translated, but their meaning also!

Nonetheless....
• commercial systems can do alot of the work very well (e.g.,restricted vocabularies in software documentation)
• algorithms which combine dictionaries, grammar models, etc.
• see for example babelfish.altavista.com
What can AI today?

• Game playing
• Autonomous control
• Diagnosis
• Logistics planning
• Robotics
• Language understanding and problem solving
• Autonomous planning and scheduling
Some applications of AI used today!

• Siri
• Alexa
• Tesla
• Amazon.com
• Netflix
• Pandora
• Etc etc
Types of AI
Type I: based on capability: Narrow AI

Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in
the world of Artificial Intelligence.
Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI
can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
• Apple Siriis.
• IBM's Watson supercomputer : uses an Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
• playing chess,
• purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site,
• self-driving cars,
• speech recognition
• image recognition.
Type I: General and Super AI

General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and think like a human by its own.

Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and time to develop such systems.

Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better
than human with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI. Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include
the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.

Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such systems in real is still world changing task.
Type II: based on functionality

Purely reactive machines :

• Do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
• Predefined rules and patterns
• IBM's Deep Blue system, Google's AlphaGo: an example of reactive machines.

Limited memory machines:

• can store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.
• Derive knowledge from previously acquired information, historical data, or past events.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
• Store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.
• Virtual Voice Assistants, chatbots
Type II: Theory of Mind and Self-Awareness

Theory of Mind:
• AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

Self-Awareness:
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness,
sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
Intelligent Systems: Categorization of Intelligent System

An intelligent system is an advanced computer system that can gather, analyze and respond to the data it collects from its surrounding environment.

An intelligent system
(1) operates in an environment with other agents,
(2) possesses cognitive abilities such as perception, action control, deliberative reasoning or language use,
(3) follows behavioral principles based on rationality and social norms and
(4) has the capacity to adapt through learning.

An intelligent system is not the same thing as AI

• For example, a computer running an AI-based application does not mean that the computer itself is an intelligent system, although it might contribute
to such a system as one of its agents.
Examples:
• Traffic system: Traffic control systems, traffic flow analysis and congestion monitoring, delivery fleet coordination, autonomous cars, public
transportation systems, accident prevention
• Airline system: Airline cockpit controls, drones, spacecraft monitoring, mission planning, advanced guidance and navigation, air traffic control
• Home: Smart appliances, climate and lighting control, entertainment
Components of AI
Current trends in AI

Artificial Intelligence Enabled Chips

Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things

Automated Machine Learning

Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing

Artificial Intelligence CyberSecurity

Generative AI

Ethical and Explainable AI

Augmented Working

Sustainable AI
Unit 1: Intelligent Agents

An adaptation of online resources for educational purpose