LTE RRM (Features)

- Scheduler
- Link Adaptation (LA)
- CQI Adaptation (OLQC)
- Power Control (PC)
- Radio Admission Control (RAC)
- MIMO Mode Control
- Connection Mobility Control (CMC)

Soc Classification level

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
RRM building blocks and functions
Overview

Scope of RRM:
• Management and optimized utilization
of the (scarce) radio resources:
• Increasing the overall radio network
capacity and optimizing quality
•Provision for each service/bearer/user
an adequate QoS (if applicable)
RRM located in eNodeB

Soc Classification level

2 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
RRM building blocks and functions
Overview

Soc Classification level

3 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
LTE RRM
Scheduling
• Motivation
– Bad channel condition avoidance

CDMA OFDMA

Single Carrier transmission The part of total available

does not allow to allocate channel experiencing bad
only particular frequency channel condition (fading) can
parts. Every fading gap be avoided during allocation
effects the data. procedure.

Soc Classification level

4 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Scheduler (UL/DL)
• Cell-based scheduling (separate scheduler per cell)
• Scheduling on TTI basis (1ms)
• Resource assignment in time and frequency domain (UL/DL)
• Proportional Fair resource assignment among UEs
• Priority for SRB (Signalling Radio Bearers) over DRB (Data Radio Bearers)
• Priority handling (UL/DL) for
• Random Access procedure
• Signalling
• HARQ re-transmission
• Uplink:
• Scheduler controls UEs and assigns appropriate grants per TTI
• Channel unaware UL scheduling based on random frequency allocation
(Channel-aware UL scheduling will be supported in later release – Supported in
RL15)
• Downlink:
• Channel aware DL scheduling (Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling) based on
CQI with resources assigned in a fair manner
Soc Classification level
5 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Downlink Scheduler
Algorithm
Start

• Determine which PRBs are available (free) and Evaluation of available resources (PRBs/RBGs)
can be allocated to UEs for dynamic allocation on PDSCH

• Allocate PRBs needed for common channels

like SIB, paging, and random access Resource allocation and scheduling
for common channels
procedure (RAP)
• Final allocation of UEs (bearers) onto PRB. DL scheduling of UEs:
Scheduling of UEs/bearers to PRBs/RBGs
Considering only the PRBs available after the
previous steps End

– Pre-Scheduling: All UEs with data Start

available for transmission based on the
buffer fill levels Pre-Scheduling:
Select UEs eligible for scheduling

– Time Domain Scheduling: Parameter -> Determination of Candidate Set 1

MAX_#_UE_DL decides how many UEs are Time domain scheduling

allocated in the TTI being scheduled of UEs according to simple criteria

-> Determination of Candidate Set 2

– Frequency Domain Scheduling for Frequency domain scheduling
Candidate Set 2 UEs: Resource allocation of UEs/bearers

in Frequency Domain including number and -> PRB/RBG allocation to UEs/bearers

location of allocated PRBs End

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE45

6 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Uplink Scheduler
Algorithm
• Evaluation of the #PRBs that will be assigned to UEs
• Available number of PRBs per user: resources are assigned via PRB groups
(group of consecutive PRBs)
Time domain:
• Max_#_UE_UL which can be scheduled per TTI time frame is restricted by an
O&M parameter and depends on the bandwidth: 7UEs (5 MHz), 10UEs (10MHz)
and 20 UEs (20MHz)
Frequency Domain:
• Uses a random function to assure equal distribution of PRBs over the available
frequency range (random frequency hopping)

a) b)
Example of allocation in frequency domain:
Full Allocation: All available PRBs are
assigned to the scheduled UEs per TTI
Fractional Allocation: Not all PRBs are
assigned. Hopping function handles
unassigned PRBs as if they were allocated to
keep the equal distribution per TTI
Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE45
7 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL15TD

Channel aware and Interference aware scheduler

Optimize the UL performance

• Assignment of PRBs (physical resource blocks) in the frequency domain

based on CSI (channel state indicator)
• UE specific CSI is based on filtered measurements from the UL reference
signal and sounding reference signal

Channel
PRBs ‚CSI table‘ aware Resulting
UE A weight: 12
0 1 0 1 2 3
UE B
Channel
0 1 2 1 1 0
UE C unaware Resulting
3 1 2 1 0 0 weight: 2

Soc Classification level

8 © Nokia Siemens Networks
 RL05TD
Link adaptation by AMC (UL/DL)
Optimizing air interface efficiency

• Motivation of link adaptation: Modify the signal transmitted to and by a

particular user according to the signal quality variation to improve the
system capacity and coverage reliability.
• It modifies the MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) and the transport
block size (DL) and ATB (UL)
• If SINR is good then higher MCS can be used -> more bits per Symbol -> more
throughput.
• If SINR is bad then lower MCS should be used (more robust)
• Flexi Multiradio BTS performs the link adaptation for DL on a TTI basis
• The selection of the modulation and the channel coding rate is based:
• Downlink data channel: CQI report from UE
• Uplink: BLER measurements in Flexi LTE BTS

Feature ID(s): LTE31

Soc Classification level
9 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Link Adaptation / AMC for PDSCH
Procedure:
• Initial MCS is provided by O&M START

(parameter INI_MCS_DL) and is

set as default MCS
Retrieve Default MCS
• If DL AMC is not activated (O&M
parameter ENABLE_AMC_DL)
the algorithm always uses this no Dynamic AMC
active?
default MCS
• If DL AMC is activated HARQ
retransmissions are handled HARQ
yes
differently from initial retransmission?

transmissions (For HARQ no

retransmission the same MCS Determine avaraged CQI Use the same MCS as for
has to be used as for the initial Use Default MCS
value for allocated PRBs initial transmission

transmission)
• A MCS based on CQI reporting Determine MCS

from UE , shall be determined for

the PRBs assigned to UE as END
indicated by the downlink
scheduler
Soc Classification level
10 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Link Adaptation / AMC for PUSCH

Functionality
• UL LA is active by default but can be deactivated by O&M parameters. If not
active, the initial MCS is used all the time
• UE scope
• Two parallel algorithms adjust the MCS to the radio channel conditions:
– Inner loop link adaptation (ILLA):
 Slow Periodic Link adaptation (20-500ms) based on BLER measurements
from eNodeB (based on SINR in future releases)
– Outer loop link adaptation (OLLA): event based
 In case of long Link Adaptation updates and to avoid low and high BLER
situations, the link adaptation can act based on adjustable target BLER:
- “Emergency Downgrade” if BLER goes above a MAX BLER threshold
(poor radio conditions)
- “Fast Upgrade” if BLER goes below of a MIN BLER threshold (excellent
radio conditions)

Soc Classification level

11 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Comparison: DL and UL Link adaptation for PSCH

Downlink Uplink
– fast – slow periodical
 1 TTI  ~30ms
– channel aware – channel partly aware
 CQI based  average BLER based
– MCS selection – MCS adaptation
 1 out of 0-28  +/- 1 MCS correction
– output – output
 MCS  MCS
 TBS  ATB
– up to 64QAM support – up to 16 QAM support

Soc Classification level

12 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Outer Link Quality Control (OLQC)

Optimize the DL performance

Feature: CQI Adaptation (DL)

• CQI information is used by the scheduler and link adaptation in such a way that a
certain BLER of the 1st HARQ transmission is achieved
• CQI adaptation is the basic mean to control Link Adaptation behaviour and to
remedy UE measurement errors
• Only used in DL
• Used for CQI measurement error compensation
– CQI estimation error of the UE
– CQI quantization error or
– CQI reporting error
• It adds a CQI offset to the CQI reports provided by UE. The corrected CQI report
is provided to the DL Link adaptation for further processing
• CQI offset derived from ACK/NACK feedback

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE30

13 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Support of aperiodic CQI reports
Functionality
• Aperiodic CQI reports scheduled in addition to periodic reports
– Periodic CQI reports on PUCCH
– Aperiodic CQI reports on PUSCH

Description
• Controlled by the UL scheduler
– Triggered by UL grant indication (PDCCH)
• Basic feature
UL grant + CQI indicator

Benefits
• Not so many periodic CQIs on
PUCCH needed
• Allow frequent submission of more
detailed reports (e.g. MIMO,
frequency selective parts)

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE767

14 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Power Control
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption

Downlink:
• There is no adaptive or dynamic power control in DL but semi-static power
setting

• eNodeB gives flat power spectral density (dBm/PRB) for the scheduled
resources:
– The power for all the PRBs is the same
– If there are PRBs not scheduled that power is not used but the power of the
remaining scheduled PRBs doesn’t change:
 Total Tx power is max. when all PRBs are scheduled. If only half of the PRBs
are scheduled the Tx power is half of the Tx power max ( i.e. Tx power max -
3dB)

• Semi-static: PDSCH power can be adjusted via O&M parameters

– Cell Power Reduction level CELL_PWR_RED [0...10] dB attenuation in 0.1 dB
steps

Soc Classification level

Feature ID(s): LTE27
15 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Power Control
Improve cell edge behaviour, reduce inter-cell interference and power consumption
Uplink:
• Uplink PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control and Closed Loop Power Control:

PPUSCH (i )  min{PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  P0 _ PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}[ dBm ]

• Closed Loop PC component f(i): Makes use of feedback from the eNB. Feedback
are TCP (Transmit Power Control commands) send via PDCCH to instruct the UE
to increase or decrease its transmit power
2) SINR measurment
• UL Power control is Slow power 3) Setting new power offset
4) TX power level
control: every 100ms adjustment with the new
offset
– No need for fast power control as 1) Initial TX power level
in 3G: if UE Tx power was high it
incremented the co-channel
interference for other UEs.
– In LTE each UE has their own
channel (subcarriers)

Soc Classification level

Feature ID(s): LTE27&LTE28
16 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Power Control
Uplink (cont.):
• Uplink PC is a mix of Open Loop Power Control and Closed Loop Power Control:

PPUSCH (i )  min{PCMAX ,10 log10 ( M PUSCH (i ))  P0 _ PUSCH ( j )   ( j )  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}[ dBm ]

• PCMAX: max. UE Tx power according to UE power class. E.g. 23dBm for class 3
• MPUSCH: # allocated PRBs. The UE Tx Power is increased proportionally to the # of
allocated RBs. Remaining terms of the formula are per RB
• P0_PUSCH:eNB received power per RB when assuming path loss 0 dB. Depends on α
• α: Path loss compensation factor. Three values:
– α= 0, no compensation of path loss
– α= 1, full compensation of path loss (conventional compensation)
– α ≠ { 0 ,1 } , fractional compensation

• PL: DL Path loss calculated by the UE

• Delta_TF: increases the UE Tx power to achieve the required SINR when
transmitting a large number of bits per RE. It links the UE Tx power to the MCS.
Soc Classification level
Feature ID(s): LTE27&LTE28
17 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Conventional and Fractional Power Control
• Conventional PC schemes:
– Attempt to maintain a constant SINR at the receiver
– UE increases the Tx power to fully compensate for increases in the path loss
• Fractional PC schemes:
– Allow the received SINR to decrease as the path loss increases.
– UE Tx power increases at a reduced rate as the path loss increases. Increases in path
loss are only partially compensated.
– [+]: Improve air interface efficiency and increase average cell throughputs by reducing
intercell interference
• 3GPP specifies fractional power control for the PUSCH with the option to disable
it and revert to conventional based on α

UL
SINR UL
SINR
Fractional Power
Control: α ≠ { 0 ,1}
Conventional Power UE Tx
Control: α=1 Power UE Tx If Path Loss
Power
increases by 10 dB
If Path Loss increases
the UE Tx power
by 10 dB the UE Tx
increases by <10 dB
power increases by 10
dB
Soc Classification level
18 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Radio Admission Control (RAC)

Objective: To admit or to reject the requests for establishment of Radio Bearers (RB)
on a cell basis

• Based on number of RRC connections and number of active users per cell
– Non QoS aware
– Both can be configured via parameters
 RRC connection is established when the SRBs have been admitted and
successfully configured
 UE is considered as active when a Data Radio bearer (DRB) is established
– Upper bound for maximum number of supported connections depends on the
BB configuration of eNB :
 RL15TD: FSME 600 active users
 RL25TD: FSME 750 active users
• HO RAC cases have higher priority than normal access to the cell
• RL05TD: All RRC connection setup request are admitted by default to avoid RAC
complexity

Soc Classification level

19 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Transmit diversity for two antennas
Benefit: Diversity gain, enhanced cell coverage
• Each Tx antenna transmits the same stream of data with different coding and
different subcarriers -> Receiver gets replicas of the same signal which increases
the SINR.
• Synchronization signals are transmitted only via the 1st antenna
• eNode B sends different cell-specific reference signals per antenna
• It can be enabled on cell basis by O&M configuration
• Processing is completed in 2 phases:
• Layer Mapping: distributing a stream of data into two streams
• Pre-coding: generation of signals for each antenna port

Soc Classification level

20 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 Spatial multiplexing (MIMO) for two antennas
Benefit: Double the peak rate compared to a 1Tx antenna Two code words
(S1+S2) are
transmitted in
• Signal generation is similar to Transmit parallel to one UE
Diversity: i.e. Layer Mapping & Precoding which doubles
• Can be open loop or closed loop depending the peak rate
if the UE provides feedback S2

• Spatial multiplexing with two code words

• Supported physical channel: PDSCH
S1
Layer
Mapping Precoding
Code word 1 Map onto
• 2 code words Modulation
L1
×
 Resource OFDMA
transferred when W1
Elements
Scale
channel conditions Map onto
×
are good Code word 2
Modulation × ×  Resource OFDMA
L2 Elements
W2

Soc Classification level

21 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Precoding

• Precoding generates the signals for each antenna port

• Precoding is done multiplying the signal with a precoding matrix selected from a
predefined codebook known at the eNB and at the UE side
• Closed loop: UE estimates the radio channel and selects the best precoding matrix
(the one that offers maximum capacity) and sends this information to the eNB
• Open loop: no need for UEs feedback as it uses predefined settings for SM and
precoding

Pre-coding codebook for two transmit antenna case

Soc Classification level

22 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
DL adaptive open loop MIMO for two antennas
Benefit: High peak rates (two code words) and good cell
edge performance (single code word)
One code word A is
• 2 TX antennas transmitted via two
antennas to one UE
• Dynamic selection between which improves the LiBu
• Transmit diversity A
• Open loop spatial multiplexing with
two code words
A
• Supported physical channel: PDSCH B
• Dynamic switch considers the UE specific
link quality
• Enabled/disabled on cell level (O&M) Two code words (A+B) are
transmitted in parallel to one UE
• If disabled case either static spatial which doubles the peak rate
multiplexing or static transmit
diversity can be selected for the
whole cell (all UEs)

Feature ID(s): LTE70

Soc Classification level
23 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL15TD
DL adaptive closed loop MIMO for two antennas

Benefit: High peak rates and good cell edge performance

• 2 TX antennas One code word A is
transmitted via two
• Dynamic selection between: antennas to one UE
• Transmit diversity (SFBC) which improves the
• Closed loop spatial multiplexing with A link budget
two code words
• Closed loop= feedback from UE A
B
• Operator configurable threshold
• Supported physical channel: PDSCH
• Semi static configuration per cell in RL05TD Two code words
(A+B) are transmitted
in parallel to one UE
which doubles the
peak rate.

Soc Classification level

24 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Connection Mobility Control: Handover Types
• Intra-RAT handover
– Intra eNodeB
– Inter eNodeB
 Data forwarding over X2
• High performance for 15…120 km/h
• Optimized performance for 0…15 km/h
 HO in case of no X2 interface configured between serving eNB and target
eNB: HO via S1 interface – RL15TD

• Inter-RAT Operation
– RL15TD:Redirection to GSM/TD-SCDMA
– RL15TD: eNACC to GSM
– RL15TD: cell reselection to GSM/TD-SCDMA
– RL25TD: LTE <-> TD-SCDMA

Soc Classification level

25 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL05TD
Intra frequency handover via X2
A reliable and lossless mobility

• Basic Mobility Feature

• Event triggered handover based
on DL measurements (ref.
signals)
• Network evaluated HO decision
• Operator configurable
thresholds for
• coverage based and
S1 X2
• best cell based handover
• Data forwarding via X2
S-GW MME
• Admission Control gives priority
P-GW
to HO related access over other S1
scenarios

Soc Classification level

Feature ID(s): LTE53
26 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Features in RL15TD Not in RL10

Soc Classification level

27 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL15TD
Intra LTE Handover via S1
Extended mobility option

• Handover in case of
• no X2 interface between eNode
B, e.g. multi-vendor scenarios
• eNode Bs connected to different
CN elements, e.g. MME
relocation
• Same measurements and triggers as
for X2 based handover S1

• DL Data forwarding via S1

SAE-GW MME
S1

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE54

28 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL15TD
Redirection to GSM & TD-SCDMA

Service continuity for multimode terminals

• Redirection provides service continuity when terminal moves away from
TD-LTE coverage
• Redirection triggered based on TD-LTE measurements
• RRC connection release with redirect

TD-LTE
TD-LTE

TD-SCDMA *
GSM

* Subject to availability of multimode terminals

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE423

29 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL15TD
Idle mode mobility to GSM, TD-SCDMA

Excellent coverage for multimode terminals

• The cell reselection from LTE to GSM is supported by the Flexi
Multimode BTS by broadcasting the relevant information on SIB

TD-LTE
And TD-LTE
TD-SCDMA
TD-LTE
TD-SCDMA * TD-SCDMA *

* Subject to availability of multimode terminals

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): TD LTE 852

30 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL15TD
eNACC to GSM
Enables service continuity to GSM

• Network controlled
• Event triggered based on DL
measurement RSRP (reference signal
received power)
• Inter RAT measurements triggered by
events A1/A2
• Operator configurable handover threshold
(event B2) A-bis S1
• Shorter interruption time (< 1s initial
BSC/TRAU SGSN
target) than with redirect S-GW MME

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE442

31 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL25TD
Inter RAT handover to TD-SCDMA
Seamless service continuity to TD-SCDMA

• Event triggered handover based

on DL measurement RSRP
(reference signal received power)
• Inter RAT measurements
• Operator configurable handover
threshold (event B2)

Iub S1

RNC SGSN SAE-GW MME

Soc Classification level Feature ID(s): LTE859

32 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 RL25TD
Inter RAT handover from TD-SCDMA
Best service to the user

• Improved user satisfaction as

end-user experiences higher
peak rates and faster response
times
• Better resource utilization
• Performance measurement:
Inter RAT HO counter

Iub
S1
RNC SGSN SAE-GW MME

Soc Classification level

33 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Features supporting Inter-RAT ANR

Inter RAT relation established by

• Geo-location input
• Neighbor site/cell calculation
RL25TD LTE 784 - ANR Inter RAT GERAN by Optimizer
-> no UE supporting GERAN-ANR
needed

• Triggered by UE measurements
• Physical ID <-> Global ID
LTE 908 - ANR Inter RAT UTRAN - Mapping done by UE
RL25TD UE based measurements
-> UE supporting UTRAN
ANR required

Soc Classification level

34 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
LTE Performance

Soc Classification level

35 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Downlink Spectral Efficiency
• Downlink spectral efficiency shown to be 3 x HSPA R6 (=UTRA baseline),
which was the target of LTE Downlink

2.5 LTE 1.69

Alcatel-Lucent
bps
Ericsson
2.0
Huawei
InterDigital
bps/Hz/cell

1.5 Motorola
HSPA NEC
1.0 0.53 bps Nortel
Nokia-Siemens
Qualcomm
0.5
Samsung
Texax Instruments
0.0 Average
UTRA baseline E-UTRA 2x2
Spectral efficiency of FDD LTE
Soc Classification level
36 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Uplink Spectral Efficiency
• Uplink spectral efficiency shown to be >2 x HSPA R6, which was the
target of LTE
1.2
Alcatel-Lucent
LTE 0.74
1.0 Ericsson
bps
Huawei
0.8 InterDigital
bps/Hz/cell

Motorola
0.6 HSPA NEC
0.33 bps Nortel
0.4 Nokia-Siemens
Qualcomm
0.2 Samsung
Texax Instruments
0.0 Average
UTRA baseline E-UTRA 1x2
Spectral efficiency of FDD LTE
Soc Classification level
37 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Key Features for LTE Downlink Spectral Efficiency
Compared to HSPA R6

OFDM with frequency domain Due to orthogonality

equalization +20..70%

MIMO = combined use of 2 tx and 2 rx Compared to single antenna

antennas +20% BTS tx and 2-rx terminal

Not feasible in HSPA due to

Frequency domain packet scheduling +40% cdma modulation

Inter-cell interference rejection Possible also in HSPA but

combining or cancellation +10% better performance in OFDM
solution

Total gain up to 3.1x

Soc Classification level

38 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
LTE Efficiency vs. Bandwidth
• LTE maintains high efficiency with bandwidth down to 5 MHz
• The differences between bandwidths come from frequency scheduling
gain and different overheads
Spectral Efficiency Relative to 10 MHz

120 %
Downlink
-40% -13% Reference Uplink
100 %

80 %

60 %

40 %

20 %

0%
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
Soc Classification level
39 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 Latency Evolution

100
RNC + core
90 BTS
80 Retransmissions downlink
Commercial Retransmissions uplink
70 Air interface
Scheduling request + grant
60 UE
ms 50 HSPA <25 LTE <15
ms ms
40
Evolution
30
20
10
0
HSDPA/R99 HSPA RU10 HSPA RU20 HSPA RU30 LTE LTE -
scheduled preallocated

Soc Classification level

40 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Latency in TDD mode (User plane)

• 3GPP 25.913 requires one-way user plane latencies <= 5 ms for a

32 bytes payload packet from UE to RAN and vice versa which
results in <= 10 ms RTT UE to S/P-GW and back to UE.
• Scheduling request/scheduling grant needs another additional ~ 8
ms before the ping packet can be transmitted in UL.

• RL15TD is expected to support though:

• <= 15.5 ms/ 25.4 ms for unscheduled/scheduled ping delay in
lab environment.
• Typically <=30 ms RTT ping delay UE initiated for a 32 byte
payload packet in good field environment (i.e. fast responding
server in the internet, reasonable transport delays) for a ‘DSL’
like’ e2e user experience.

Soc Classification level

41 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Latency in TDD mode (Control plane)

• LTE system performance requirements for connection setup latency

defined in 3GPP 25.913 is 100 ms.

• RL15TD will support transitions from RRC_IDLE/EMM_registered

(w/o authentication) to first UL packet transmission in < 106.9 ms
including UE capability signalling and establishment of security in
good radio condition

Soc Classification level

42 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Peak Data Rates Calculation Example
-TDD 20MHz

• 2 DL and 2 UL subframes per 5ms half-frame (UL/DL configuration 1)

There is 1 special subframe per half-frame. Hence the average TBS is 2 times DL subframe TBS + 1
special subframe TBS divided by 5.

Soc Classification level

43 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
 LTE Peak Data Rates
• DL peak throughputs for different bandwidths with different Frame structure and special subframe
configuration type

• UL peak throughputs for different bandwidths with different Frame structure and
special subframe configuration type

Soc Classification level

44 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
NSN Flexi Multiradio
Flexi BTS Evolution to LTE

Soc Classification level

45 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Flexi LTE/WCDMA BTS
Flexi BTS Multiradio System Module
• HW supports both WCDMA and LTE
• Multiband operation
• Radio Modules for different frequencies can be connected to the
same system module
• Multiradio functionality support
• WCDMA mode
• LTE mode
• Under study: WCDMA-LTE concurrent mode

Flexi BTS Three Sector RF Module

• HW supports both WCDMA and LTE
• Single frequency band, multi-carrier operation
• Multiradio functionality support
• WCDMA mode
• LTE mode
• Under study: WCDMA-LTE concurrent mode
Soc Classification level
46 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Flexi LTE Multiband Refarming
2G or 3G
by Flexi LTE
Example of site evolution case

• System Module
• 3-sector RF Module for Band A (e.g. 2.6 GHz)
• 3-sector RF Module for Band B (e.g. 1800 MHz)
• 3-sector RF Module for Band C (e.g. 900 MHz)

3-sector RF Module 900 MHz

3-sector RF Module 1800 MHz
System Module S1 to AGW
X2 to eNB
3-sector RF Module 2.6 GHz

Soc Classification level

47 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Flexi BTS Multimode System Module (FSME)

Flexi High Capacity System Module for HSPA and LTE

• The Flexi System Module includes the Transport Module providing
support for the X2 and S1 interfaces
• In RL15TD olny FSME is LTE capable
• Can be used for either UMTS or LTE (use of both technologies
simultaneously is under study)

Flexi System Max. Number of Active

Module Users
FSME
FSME 600 (RL15TD),750
(RL25TD)

Soc Classification level

48 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Flexi Multiradio RF Module
•Flexi RF modules are designed to support specific operating bands and
antenna, e.g. Flexi RF module FZNB supports the 2300 MHz band and
2TX pipe antenna.
•If an operator wishes to provide coverage using multiple operating
bands then multiple RF modules are required, e.g. a site providing both
2300 and 2600 MHz coverage would require both FZNB and FZHB RF
modules.

Flexi RF Module Operating Band LTE Bandwidths Antenna Pipes

FZNB(RL15TD) 2300 10M,20M 2TX

FZNC(RL15TD) 2300 10M,20M 8TX
FZHB(RL15TD) 2600 10M,20M 2TX
FZHC(RL15TD) 2600 10M,20M 8TX
FZHA(RL25TD) 2600 5M,15M 8TX

Soc Classification level

49 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Flexi LTE BTS Feederless

Standard Flexi RF Module can be installed

close to antenna for maximal performance

• No feeder looses
– Best RF performance because no DL and
UL feeder looses
• Easier installation
– Only 1 optical or DC cable to tower
• No long antenna feeders
– Typically 6 for 3-sector site with DC max 200
• No MHA/TMAs meters; Optical 20Km

• Lowest total power consumption

System Module

Soc Classification level

50 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
eNodeB configuration options for TDD LTE

Type of Flexi System Module FSME

Number of Flexi System Modules 1 Per 3 RRH with 2TX, 1 Per 1 RRH with 8TX

Flexi RF Module (depends upon FZNB FZNC FZHB FZHC FZHA

target operating band)
RF Module to be shared with another optionally TD-SCDMA (China only)
technology (TD-SCDMA)
RF Carriers for LTE 1
Number of Sectors 1, 2, 3
MIMO None, 2+2
Receive Diversity Up to 8RX
Channel Bandwidth RL15TD: 10, 20MHz
RL25TD: 5,15MHz
Downlink Transmit Power RL15TD: 20+20W, 8x5W

Feederless Design Yes

MHA Not in RL15TD

Soc Classification level

51 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Flexi Multiradio BTS Optional easy
2Tx MIMO support capacity upgrade
when and where
• MIMO is an optional feature needed with
MIMO
• System Module
• add 2nd 3-sector RF Module for MIMO
• 1+1+1 @ 360 W with 2TX MIMO
• Optional TMA/MHAs Optional
TMA/MHA

r 1 r 2 r 3
cto cto cto
Se Se Se
Rx3
Tx2/Rx2
2nd 3-sector RF Module
Div Rx2
Rx4
System Module
Tx1/Rx1
1st 3-sector RF Module

Soc Classification level

52 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date