The Campus of Tomorrow

CIN 2203: Routing protocols

Week 1: CLO1 – Routing Concepts

Thursday, January 12, 2023

 Routing Concepts 2

Delivery Outline
• W1: CLO1 – Routing Concepts
• W2: CLO1 – IP Static Routing Quiz 1
• W3: CLO1 – Troubleshoot Static and Default Routes
• W4: CLO2 – Dynamic Routing
• W5: CLO2 – Routing Concepts (Cont.)
• W6: CLO1 – Dynamic Routing
• W7: CLO3 – Single-Area OSPF Concepts
• W8: CLO3 - Single-Area OSPFv2 Configuration (Part 1)
• W9: CLO3 – Single-Area OSPFv2 Configuration (Part 2)
• W10: CLO4 – ACL Concepts
• W11: CLO4 - ACLs for IPv4 Configuration (Part 1)
• W12: CLO4 – ACLs for IPv4 Configuration (Part 2)
• W13: CLO5 – NAT for IPv4 (Part 1)
• W14: CLO5 – NAT for IPv4 (Part 2)
• W15: ALL CLO’s – Static and Dynamic Routing Scenario
Week 1

CLO1 – Routing Concepts

 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:03
Routing Concepts 4
--------------------------------------------
14- Routing Concepts
14.0 – Introduction
14.0.2 - What will I learn to do in htsi

Module
module?

Objectives
Topic Title Topic Objective
Path Determination Explain how routers determine the best path.

Packet Forwarding Explain how routers forward packets to the destination.

Basic Router Configuration Review Configure basic settings on a router.

IP Routing Table Describe the structure of a routing table.

Static and Dynamic Routing Compare static and dynamic routing concepts.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:03
-------------------------------------------- Routing Concepts 5
14 - Routing Concepts 14.1 - Path Determination
14.1.1 - Two Functions of a Router

Path Determination
Two Functions of a Router

• When a router receives an IP packet on one interface, it determines which interface to use to forward
the packet to the destination. This is known as routing. The interface that the router uses to forward
the packet may be the final destination, or it may be a network connected to another router that is
used to reach the destination network. Each network that a router connects to typically requires a
separate interface, but this may not always be the case.

• The primary functions of a router are to determine the best path to forward packets based on the
information in its routing table, and to forward packets toward their destination.

1.Routing – Build
routing table
2.Forwarding
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:03
Routing Concepts 6
--------------------------------------------
14 - Routing Concepts 14.1
Path - Path Determination
Determination Router 14.1.2 - Router Functions Example
Functions Example

The router uses its IP routing

table to determine which
path (route) to use to
forward a packet. R1 and R2
will use their respective IP
routing tables to first
determine the best path,
and then forward the
packet.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:03
Routing Concepts 7
--------------------------------------------
14.1.3 - Best Path Equals Longest
Match

Path Determination
Best Path Equals Longest Match

• The best path in the routing table is also known as the longest match.
• The routing table contains route entries consisting of a prefix (network address) and prefix
length. For there to be a match between the destination IP address of a packet and a route
in the routing table, a minimum number of far-left bits must match between the IP
address of the packet and the route in the routing table. The prefix length of the route in
the routing table is used to determine the minimum number of far-left bits that must
match.
• The longest match is the route in the routing table that has the greatest number of far-left
matching bits with the destination IP address of the packet. The longest match is always
the preferred route.

Note: The term prefix length will be used to refer to the network portion of both IPv4 and
IPv6 addresses.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:04
8
A0-127 Routing Concepts
--------------------------------------------
14 - Routing Concepts 14.1
Path Determination B->128-191 - Path Determination
14.1.4 - IPv4 Longest Match Example
IPv4 Longest Match Example C->192-223

In the table, an IPv4 packet has the destination IPv4 address 172.16.0.10. The router has three route
entries in its IPv4 routing table that match this packet: 172.16.0.0/12, 172.16.0.0/18, and 172.16.0.0/26.
Of the three routes, 172.16.0.0/26 has the longest match and would be chosen to forward the packet. For
any of these routes to be considered a match there must be at least the number of matching bits
indicated by the subnet mask of the route.

172/B
Destination IPv4 Address Address in Binary
A/8 Prefix->16
N.H.H.H 172.16.0.10 10101100.00010000.00000000.00001010

B/16 Route
Entry
Prefix/Prefix Length Address in Binary

N.N.H.H 1 172.16.0.0/12 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000

C/24 2 172.16.0.0/18 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
N.N.N.H 3 172.16.0.0/26 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:04
Routing Concepts 9
--------------------------------------------
14 - Routing Concepts 14.1
Path Determination - Path Determination
IPv6 Longest Match Example 14.1.5 - IPv6 Longest Match Example

An IPv6 packet has the destination IPv6 address 2001:db8:c000::99. This example shows three
route entries, but only two of them are a valid match, with one of those being the longest match.
The first two route entries have prefix lengths that have the required number of matching bits as
indicated by the prefix length. The third route entry is not a match because its /64 prefix requires 64
matching bits.
Destination 2001:db8:c000::99/48

Route Entry Prefix/Prefix Length Does it match?

1 2001:db8:c000::/40 Match of 40 bits

Match of 48 bits (longest

2 2001:db8:c000::/48
match)

3 2001:db8:c000:5555::/64 Does not match 64 bits

 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:04
Routing Concepts 10
--------------------------------------------
14.1.6 - Build the Routing Table

Path
Determination Build
the Routing Table

Directly Connected Networks: Added to the routing table when a local interface is configured with an IP address and subnet mask
(prefix length) and is active (up and up).

Remote Networks: Networks that are not directly connected to the router. Routers learn about remote networks in two ways:
• Static routes - Added to the routing table when a route is manually configured.
• Dynamic routing protocols - Added to the routing table when routing protocols dynamically learn about the remote
network.

Default Route: Specifies a next-hop router to use when the routing table does not contain a specific route that matches the
destination IP address. The default route can be entered manually as a static route, or learned automatically from a dynamic routing
protocol.
• A default route has a /0 prefix length. This means that no bits need to match the destination IP address for this route entry to be
used. If there are no routes with a match longer than 0 bits, the default route is used to forward the packet. The default route is
sometimes referred to as a gateway of last resort.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:05
Routing Concepts 11
--------------------------------------------
14.2.1 - Packet Forwarding Decision

Packet Forwarding Decision Process Process

1. The data link frame with

an encapsulated IP packet arrives on
the ingress (inbound) interface.
2. The router examines the
destination IP address in the packet
header and consults its IP routing
table.
3. The router finds the
longest matching prefix in the
routing table.
4. The router encapsulates
the packet in a data link frame and
forwards it out the egress interface.
The destination could be a device
connected to the network or a next-
hop router.
5. However, if there is no
matching route entry the packet is
dropped.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:05
Routing Concepts 12
--------------------------------------------
14.2.1 - Packet Forwarding Decision
Process (Cont.)
Packet Forwarding Decision Process (Cont.)

After a router has determined the best path, it could do the following:

Forward the Packet to a Device on a Directly Connected Network

• If the route entry indicates that the egress interface is a directly connected
network, the packet can be forwarded directly to the destination device.
Typically, this is an Ethernet LAN.
• To encapsulate the packet in the Ethernet frame, the router needs to
determine the destination MAC address associated with the destination IP
address of the packet. The process varies based on whether the packet is an
IPv4 or IPv6 packet.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:05
Routing Concepts 13
--------------------------------------------
14.2.1 - Packet Forwarding Decision
Process (Cont.)
Packet Forwarding Decision Process (Cont.)

After a router has determined the best path, it could do the following:

Forward the Packet to a Next-Hop Router

• If the route entry indicates that the destination IP address is on a remote network, meaning
a device on network that is not directly connected. The packet must be forwarded to the
next-hop router. The next-hop address is indicated in the route entry.
• If the forwarding router and the next-hop router are on an Ethernet network, a similar
process (ARP and ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery) will occur for determining the destination
MAC address of the packet as described previously. The difference is that the router will
search for the IP address of the next-hop router in its ARP table or neighbor cache, instead
of the destination IP address of the packet.

Note: This process will vary for other types of Layer 2 networks.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:05
Routing Concepts 14
--------------------------------------------
14.2.1 - Packet Forwarding Decision
Process (Cont.)
Packet Forwarding Decision Process (Cont.)

After a router has determined the best path, it could do the following:

Drop the Packet - No Match in Routing Table

• If there is no match between the destination IP address and a prefix in the
routing table, and if there is no default route, the packet will be dropped.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:06
Routing Concepts 15
--------------------------------------------
14.2.2 - End-to-End Packet Forwarding

End-to-End Packet Forwarding

The primary responsibility of the packet forwarding function is to encapsulate
packets in the appropriate data link frame type for the outgoing interface. For
example, the data link frame format for a serial link could be Point-to-Point
(PPP) protocol, High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol, or some other
Layer 2 protocol.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:06
Routing Concepts 16
--------------------------------------------
14.2.3 - Packet Forwarding Mechansims

Packet Forwarding Mechanisms

The primary responsibility of the packet forwarding function is to encapsulate packets in the
appropriate data link frame type for the outgoing interface. The more efficiently a router
can perform this task, the faster packets can be forwarded by the router.

Routers support the following three packet forwarding mechanisms:

• Process switching
• Fast switching
• Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:06
Routing Concepts 17
--------------------------------------------
14.2.3 - Packet Forwarding Mechansims
(Cont.)

Packet Forwarding Mechanisms (Cont.)

• Process Switching: An older packet forwarding mechanism still available for Cisco routers. When a
packet arrives on an interface, it is forwarded to the control plane where the CPU matches the
destination address with an entry in its routing table, and then determines the exit interface and
forwards the packet. It is important to understand that the router does this for every packet, even if
the destination is the same for a stream of packets.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:06
Routing Concepts 18
--------------------------------------------
14.2.3 - Packet Forwarding Mechansims
(Cont.)

Packet Forwarding Mechanisms (Cont.)

• Fast Switching: Another, older packet forwarding mechanism which was the successor to process
switching. Fast switching uses a fast-switching cache to store next-hop information. When a packet
arrives on an interface, it is forwarded to the control plane where the CPU searches for a match in the
fast-switching cache. If it is not there, it is process-switched and forwarded to the exit interface. The flow
information for the packet is then stored in the fast-switching cache. If another packet going to the same
destination arrives on an interface, the next-hop information in the cache is re-used without CPU
intervention.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:07
Routing Concepts 19
--------------------------------------------
14.2.3 - Packet Forwarding Mechansims
(Cont.)

Packet Forwarding Mechanisms (Cont.)

• Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF): The most recent and default Cisco IOS packet-forwarding
mechanism. CEF builds a Forwarding Information Base (FIB), and an adjacency table. The table
entries are not packet-triggered like fast switching but change-triggered, such as when something
changes in the network topology. When a network has converged, the FIB and adjacency tables
contain all the information that a router would have to consider when forwarding a packet.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:07
Routing Concepts 20
--------------------------------------------
14.3 - Basic Router Configurationw eivR
e
Topology 14.3.1 - Topology

• The topology in the figure will be used for configuration and verification
examples. It will also be used in the next topic to discuss the IP routing table.
10.0.0.2/8 255.2

R1 to reach 10.0.4.0
Ip route 10.0.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.3.2
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:07
Routing Concepts 21
--------------------------------------------
Configuration Commands 14.3.2 - Configuration Commands

R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing

Router> enable R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0/0
Router# configure terminal R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN 1
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
with CNTL/Z. R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:1::1/64
Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config-if)# ipv6 address fe80::1:a link-local
R1(config)# enable secret class R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config)# line console 0 R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config-line)# logging synchronous R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0/1
R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-if)# description Link to LAN 2
R1(config-line)# login R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.2.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-line)# exit R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:2::1/64
R1(config)# line vty 0 4 R1(config-if)# ipv6 address fe80::1:b link-local
R1(config-line)# password cisco R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-line)# login R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config-line)# transport R1(config)# interface serial 0/1/1
input ssh telnet R1(config-if)# description Link to R2
R1(config-line)# exit R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.3.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config)# service password- R1(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:3::1/64
encryption R1(config-if)# ipv6 address fe80::1:c link-local
R1(config)# banner motd # R1(config-if)# no shutdown
Enter TEXT message. End with a R1(config-if)# exit
new line and the # R1# copy running-config startup-config
*********************************************** Destination filename [startup-
WARNING: Unauthorized access is prohibited! config]? Building configuration...
*********************************************** [OK]
# R1#
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:08
Routing Concepts 22
--------------------------------------------
14.3.3 - Verification Commands

Verification Commands
Common verification commands include the following:
• show ip interface brief
• show running-config interface interface-type number
• show interfaces
• show ip interface
• show ip route
• ping
In each case, replace ip with ipv6 for the IPv6 version of the command.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:08
Routing Concepts 23
--------------------------------------------
14.3.4 - Filter Command Output

Filter Command Output

Filtering commands can be used to display specific sections of output. To enable the
filtering command, enter a pipe (|) character after the show command and then enter a
filtering parameter and a filtering expression.

The filtering parameters that can be configured after the pipe include:
• section - This displays the entire section that starts with the filtering expression.
• include - This includes all output lines that match the filtering expression.
• exclude - This excludes all output lines that match the filtering expression.
• begin - This displays all the output lines from a certain point, starting with the line
that matches the filtering expression.

Note: Output filters can be used in combination with any show command.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:08
Routing Concepts 24
--------------------------------------------
14.3.5 - Packet Tracer - Basic Rouetr
Configuration Review
Packet Tracer - Basic Router Configuration Review
In this Packet Tracer, you will do the following:
• Configure Devices and Verify Connectivity
• Display Router Information
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:08
Routing Concepts 25
--------------------------------------------
IP Routing Table 14.4.1 - Route Sources

Route Sources

A routing table contains a list of routes to known networks (prefixes and prefix lengths). The source of
this information is derived from the following:
• Directly connected networks
• Static routes
• Dynamic routing protocols

The source for each route in the routing table is identified by a code. Common codes include
the following:
• L - Identifies the address assigned to a router interface.
• C - Identifies a directly connected network.
• S - Identifies a static route created to reach a specific network.
• O - Identifies a dynamically learned network from another router using the OSPF routing
protocol.
• * - This route is a candidate for a default route.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:08
Routing Concepts 26
--------------------------------------------
14.4.2 - Routing Table Principles
Routing Table Principles

There are three routing table principles as described in the table. These are issues that are
addressed by the proper configuration of dynamic routing protocols or static routes on all the routers
between the source and destination devices.

Routing Table Principle Example

Every router makes its decision alone, based • R1 can only forward packets using its own routing table.
on the information it has in its own routing •R1 does not know what routes are in the routing tables of other routers (e.g.,
table. R2).

The information in a routing table of one Just because R1 has route in its routing table to a network in the internet
router does not necessarily match the via R2, that does not mean that R2 knows about that same network.
routing table of another router.

R1 receives a packet with the destination IP address of PC1 and the source IP
address of PC3. Just because R1 knows to forward the packet out its G0/0/0
Routing information about a path does not interface, doesn’t necessarily mean that it knows how to forward packets
provide return routing information. originating from PC1 back to the remote network of PC3
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:08
Routing Concepts 27
--------------------------------------------
14.4.3 - Routing Table Entries

Routing Table Entries

In the figure, the numbers identify the following information:
• Route source - This identifies how the route was learned.
• Destination network (prefix and prefix length) - This
identifies the address of the remote network.
• Administrative distance - This identifies the
trustworthiness of the route source. Lower values indicate
preferred route source.
• Metric - This identifies the value assigned to reach the
remote network. Lower values indicate preferred routes.
• Next-hop - This identifies the IP address of the next
router to which the packet would be forwarded.
• Route timestamp - This identifies how much time has
passed since the route was learned.
• Exit interface - This identifies the egress interface to use
for outgoing packets to reach their final destination. Note: The prefix length of the destination
network specifies the minimum number of far-
left bits that must match between the IP address
of the packet and the destination network (prefix)
for this route to be used.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:08
Routing Concepts 28
--------------------------------------------
14.4.4 - Directly Connected Networks

Directly Connected Networks

To learn about any remote networks, the router must have at least one active
interface configured with an IP address and subnet mask (prefix length). This is
known as a directly connected network or a directly connected route. Routers add a
directly connected route to its routing table when an interface is configured with an
IP address and is activated.
• A directly connected network is denoted by a status code of C in the routing
table. The route contains a network prefix and prefix length.
• The routing table also contains a local route for each of its directly connected
networks, indicated by the status code of L.
• For IPv4 local routes the prefix length is /32 and for IPv6 local routes the prefix
length is /128. This means the destination IP address of the packet must
match all the bits in the local route for this route to be a match. The purpose
of the local route is to efficiently determine when it receives a packet for the
interface instead of a packet that needs to be forwarded.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:09
Routing Concepts 29
--------------------------------------------
14.4.5 - Static Routes

Static Routes
After directly connected interfaces are configured and added to the routing table, static or
dynamic routing can be implemented for accessing remote networks. Static routes are
manually configured. They define an explicit path between two networking devices. They
are not automatically updated and must be manually reconfigured if the network topology
changes.

Static routing has three primary uses:

• It provides ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks that are not
expected to grow significantly.
• It uses a single default route to represent a path to any network that does not have a
more specific match with another route in the routing table. Default routes are used
to send traffic to any destination beyond the next upstream router.
• It routes to and from stub networks. A stub network is a network accessed by a
single route, and the router has only one neighbor.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:09
Routing Concepts 30
--------------------------------------------
14.4.6 - Static Routes in the IP Ronuigt
Static Routes in the IP Routing Table Table

The topology in the figure is simplified to show only one LAN attached to each router. The
figure shows IPv4 and IPv6 static routes configured on R1 to reach the 10.0.4.0/24 and
2001:db8:acad:4::/64 networks on R2.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:09
Routing Concepts 31
--------------------------------------------
14.4.7 - Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Dynamic routing protocols are used by routers to automatically share information about the
reachability and status of remote networks. Dynamic routing protocols perform several activities,
including network discovery and maintaining routing tables.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:09
Routing Concepts 32
--------------------------------------------
14.4.8 - Dynamic Routes in the Ronuigt
Dynamic Routes in the Routing Table Table

OSPF is now being used in our sample topology to dynamically learn all the networks
connected to R1 and R2. The routing table entries use the status code of O to indicate the
route was learned by the OSPF routing protocol. Both entries also include the IP address of
the next-hop router, via ip-address.
Note: IPv6 routing protocols use the link-local address of the next-hop router.
Note: OSPF routing configuration for IPv4 and IPv6 is beyond the scope of this course.
R1# show ip route
Codes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP,
EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
(output omitted for brevity)
O 10.0.4.0/24 [110/50] via 10.0.3.2, 00:24:22, Serial0/1/1
O 10.0.5.0/24 [110/50] via 10.0.3.2, 00:24:15,
Serial0/1/1
R1# show ipv6 route
IPv6 Routing Table - default - 10 entries
(Output omitted)
NDr - Redirect, RL - RPL, O - OSPF Intra, OI - OSPF Inter
O 2001:DB8:ACAD:4::/64 [110/50]
via FE80::2:C, Serial0/1/1
O 2001:DB8:ACAD:5::/64
[110/50]
via FE80::2:C,
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:09
Routing Concepts 33
--------------------------------------------
14.4.9 - Default Route

Default Route

The default route specifies a next-hop router to use when the routing table does not
contain a specific route that matches the destination IP address. A default route can be
either a static route or learned automatically from a dynamic routing protocol. A default
route has an IPv4 route entry of 0.0.0.0/0 or an IPv6 route entry of ::/0. This means that
zero or no bits need to match between the destination IP address and the default route.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:09
Routing Concepts 34
--------------------------------------------
14.4.10 - Structure of an IPv4 Rounitg
Table
Structure of an IPv4 Routing Table

IPv4 was standardized using the now obsolete classful addressing architecture. The IPv4
routing table is organized using this same classful structure. Although the lookup process
no longer uses classes, the structure of the IPv4 routing table still retains in this format.

An indented entry is known as a child route. A route entry is indented if it is the subnet of a
classful address (class A, B or C network). Directly connected networks will always be
indented (child routes) because the local address of the interface is always entered in the
routing table as a /32. The child route will include the route source and all the forwarding
information such as the next-hop address. The classful network address of this subnet will
be shown above the route entry, less indented, and without a source code. That route is
known as a parent route.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:09
Routing Concepts 35
--------------------------------------------
14.4.10 - Structure of an IPv4 Rounitg
Table
Structure of an IPv4 Routing Table (Cont.)
• An indented entry is known as a child route. A Router# show ip route
route entry is indented if it is the subnet of a (Output omitted)
classful address (class A, B or C network). 192.168.1.0/24 is variably..
C 192.168.1.0/24 is
• Directly connected networks will always be indented direct.. L
(child routes) because the local address of the 192.168.1.1/32 is direct.. O
interface is always entered in the routing table as a 192.168.2.0/24 [110/65].. O
/32. 192.168.3.0/24 [110/65]..
• The child route will include the route 192.168.12.0/24 is variab..
C 192.168.12.0/30 is
source and all the forwarding information such as
direct.. L
the next-hop address.
192.168.12.1/32 is direct..
• The classful network address of this subnet will be 192.168.13.0/24 is variably..
shown above the route entry, less indented, and C 192.168.13.0/30 is
without a source code. That route is known as a direct.. L
parent route. 192.168.13.1/32 is direct..
192.168.23.0/30 is subnette..
O 192.168.23.0/30 [110/128]..
Router#
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:10
Routing Concepts 36
--------------------------------------------
14.4.11 - Structure of an IPv6 Rounitg
Structure of an IPv6 Routing Table Table

The concept of classful addressing R1# show ipv6 route

(output omitted for brevity)
was never part of IPv6, so the OE2 ::/0 [110/1], tag 2
structure of an IPv6 routing table is via FE80::2:C, Serial0/0/1
very straight forward. Every IPv6 C 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::/64
[0/0]
route entry is formatted and via GigabitEthernet0/0/0, directly connected
aligned the same way. L 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1/128 [0/0]
via GigabitEthernet0/0/0, receive
C 2001:DB8:ACAD:2::/64 [0/0]
via GigabitEthernet0/0/1, directly connected
L 2001:DB8:ACAD:2::1/128 [0/0]
via GigabitEthernet0/0/1, receive
C 2001:DB8:ACAD:3::/64 [0/0]
via Serial0/1/1, directly connected
L 2001:DB8:ACAD:3::1/128 [0/0]
via Serial0/1/1, receive
O 2001:DB8:ACAD:4::/64 [110/50]
via FE80::2:C, Serial0/1/1
O 2001:DB8:ACAD:5::/64 [110/50]
via FE80::2:C, Serial0/1/1
L FF00::/8 [0/0]
via Null0, receive
R1#
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:10
Routing Concepts 37
--------------------------------------------
14.4.12 - Administrative Distance
Administrative Distance
A route entry for a specific network address (prefix and prefix length) can only appear once in
the routing table. However, it is possible that the routing table learns about the same network
address from more than one routing source. Except for very specific circumstances, only one
dynamic routing protocol should be implemented on a router. Each routing protocol may
decide on a different path to reach the destination based on the metric of that routing protocol.

This raises a few questions, such as the following:

• How does the router know which source to use?
• Which route should it install in the routing table?

Cisco IOS uses what is known as the administrative distance (AD) to determine the route to
install into the IP routing table. The AD represents the "trustworthiness" of the route.
The lower the AD, the more trustworthy the route source.
 Presenter Notes
2023-01-12 15:13:10
Routing Concepts 38
--------------------------------------------
14.4.12 - Administrative Distance C (o)n.t

Administrative Distance (Cont.)

The table lists various routing Route Source Administrative Distance

protocols and their associated ADs. Directly connected 0
Static route 1
EIGRP summary route 5
External BGP 20
Internal EIGRP 90
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP 120
External EIGRP 170
Internal BGP 200
Check Your Understanding

1. Login to NetAcad: https://Netacad.com

2. Quiz Link: https://contenthub.netacad.com/srwe-
dl/14.4.13
 Routing Concepts 40

Delivery Outline
• W1: CLO1 – Routing Concepts
• W2: CLO1 – IP Static Routing
• W3: CLO1 – Troubleshoot Static and Default Routes
• W4: CLO2 – Dynamic Routing
• W5: CLO2 – Routing Concepts (Cont.)
• W6: CLO1 – Dynamic Routing
• W7: CLO3 – Single-Area OSPF Concepts
• W8: CLO3 - Single-Area OSPFv2 Configuration (Part 1)
• W9: CLO3 – Single-Area OSPFv2 Configuration (Part 2)
• W10: CLO4 – ACL Concepts
• W11: CLO4 - ACLs for IPv4 Configuration (Part 1)
• W12: CLO4 – ACLs for IPv4 Configuration (Part 2)
• W13: CLO5 – NAT for IPv4 (Part 1)
• W14: CLO5 – NAT for IPv4 (Part 2)
• W15: ALL CLO’s – Static and Dynamic Routing Scenario