Chapter 3

Elementary Functions and Transformations

Elementary Functions
Graphs of the elementary functions y=–2
y=1
x 0 2
x 0 3 y –2 –2 y
y 1 1
y

y=1 (0, 1) (3, 1)

· ·
x
x
(0, –2) (2, –2)
· ·
y = –2

Graph of y = 1 Graph of y = –2
y=x y=–x
x –2 0 2 x –2 0 2
y –2 0 2 y 2 0 –2
y y

(2, 2)· (–2, 2)

·
y=x
(0, 0) (0, 0)
· x · x

(–2, –2) · (2, –2)

·
y=–x

Graph of y = x Graph of y = –x
 y x y x
x 0 4 9 x 0 4 9
y 0 2 3 y 0 –2 –3

y y
· (0, 0) x

· y x
(9, 3) (4, –2)
y x ·
·
· (9, –3)
(4, 2)

(0, 0)
· x

Graph of y  x Graph of y   x
y = x2 y = –x2
x –3 –2 0 2 3 x –3 –2 0 2 3
y 9 4 0 4 9 y –9 –4 0 –4 –9
y (0, 0) y
· x
· ·
(–3, 9) (3, 9)

y = x2 (–2, –4)· ·(2, –4)

· ·
(–2, 4) (2, 4) y = –x2

(–3, –9)
· ·(3, –9)
· x
(0, 0)
Graph of y = x2 Graph of y = –x2
y = |x| y = – |x|
x –5 –3 0 3 x –5 –3 0 3 5
y 5 3 0 3 5 y –5 –3 0 –3 –5
5
y
y (0, 0)·
x

(–3, –3)
· ·(3, –3)
(–5, –5) y = –|x| (5, –5)
· · · ·
(–5, 5) y = |x| (5, 5)
(–3, 3)· · (3, 3)

· (0, 0) x
Graph of y = |x| Graph of y = – |x|
y 1 y 1
x x
x –2 –1  21 1
1 2 x –2 –1  21 1
2 1 2
2
y 1 1
y  21 –1 –2 2 1
1
2 2 y 1  12 –2 –1 2
x
y y

( 1 , 2) ( 1 , 2)
· 2 2 ·
(1, 1) (–1, 1)
· (2, 1 ) 1 y 1
2 · ·
(2, )
· 2 x
x x
(2,  1 )· ·(2,  1)
2 · y 1 · 2
(–1, –1) x (1, –1)
1 · ·1
( , 2) ( , 2)
2 2

Graph of y  x1 Graph ofy   x1

y = x3 y = – x3
x –2 –1 0 1 2 x –2 –1 0 1 2
y –8 –1 0 1 8 y 8 1 0 –1 –8
y (–2, 8) ·
y
·(2, 8)

y = x3 y = – x3

· (1, 1) (–1, 1)· (0, 0)

(0, 0)·
x · x
(–1, –1)·
·
(1, –1)

(–2, –8) · · (2, –8)

Graph of y = x3 Graph of y = – x3
y  3x y  3 x
x –8 –1 0 1 8 x –8 –1 0 1 8
y –2 –1 0 1 2 y 2 1 0 –1 –2

y y
y  3x (–8, 2)
· · y  3 x
(8, 2)
·(1, 1)
x (–1, 1)· (0, 0) x
· ·
(0, 0)
· ·
· (–1, –1) (1, –1) ·
(–8, –2) (8, –2)

Graph of y  3
x Graph of y   x
3
Transformations
(i) Translations
Let y = f(x) be a given function.

Vertical translation:
The graph of y = f(x) + k is translation vertically, k units, up (when k > 0)
or k units, down (when k < 0)
of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → (x, y + k)

since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (x, y + k) is on the graph of y = f(x) + k.
 translation f(x) + 3 (x, y + 3)
y = f(x) y = f(x) + 3 (x, y)
(h = 0, k = 3)
translation f(x) – 3
y = f(x) y = f(x) – 3 (x, y) (x, y – 3)
(h = 0, k = –3)
Horizontal translation:
The graph of y = f(x – h) is translation horizontally, h units, right (when h > 0)
or h units, left (when h < 0)
of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → (x + h, y)

since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (x + h, y) is on the graph of y = f(x – h).
Translation:
The graph of y = f(x − h) + k is translation of h units horizontally and k units vertically
of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → (x + h, y + k)
since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (x + h, y + k) is on the graph of
y = f(x − h) + k.
 translation f(x – 3) (x + 3, y)
y = f(x) y = f(x – 3) (x, y)
(h = 3, k = 0)
translation f(x + 2)
y = f(x) y = f(x + 2) (x, y) (x – 2, y)
(h = – 2, k = 0)

translation f(x – 2) + 3 (x + 2, y + 3)
y = f(x) y = f(x – 2) + 3 (x, y)
(h = 2, k = 3)
translation f(x + 3) – 1 (x – 3, y – 1)
y = f(x) y = f(x + 3) – 1 (x, y)
(h = – 3, k = – 1)
 (i) Translation
Types of Translation Function Point Remark

when k > 0, k units, up

Vertical translation y = f(x) + k (x, y + k)
when k < 0, k units, down
when h > 0, h units, right
Horizontal translation y = f(x – h) (x + h, y)
when h < 0, h units, left

Translation y = f(x − h) + k (x + h, y + k)
Translation of the graph of y  x
y
y  x 2 3 ·
y x (11, 6)
·
x 0 4 9
y 0 2 3 (2, 3) y x ·
·
(9, 3)
·
(4, 2)
(0, 0)· (4, 0)
· x
· y  x 5 3

·
(–5, –3)

y  x  2  3 is translation of 2 units horizontally and 3 units vertically of y  x

y  x  5  3 is translation of –5 units horizontally and –3 units vertically of y  x

Translation of the graph of y  x
y
y x ·
· (6, 6)
x 0 4 9
y 0 2 3 y  x 33

(–3, 3)· y x ·
(9, 3)
·
(4, 2) (13, 1)
y  x 4 2 ·
(0, 0)· · x

· (4, –2)

y  x  3  3 is translation of –3 units horizontally and 3 units vertically of y  x

y  x  4  2 is translation of 4 units horizontally and –2 units vertically of y  x

(ii) Reflections
Reflection on the x-axis:
The graph of y = −f(x) is the reflection on the x-axis of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → (x, −y)

since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (x, −y) is on the graph of y = −f(x).

Reflection on the y-axis:

The graph of y = f(–x) is the reflection on the y-axis of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → (–x, y)

since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (–x, y) is on the graph of y = f(–x).
Reflection on the origin:
The graph of y = –f(–x) is the reflection on the origin of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → (–x, –y)
since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (–x, –y) is on the graph of y = –f(–x).
Note: The graph of y = f(x), the reflection on the origin
can be seen as 2-step transformation as follows:

reflection reflection
y = f(x) y = −f(x) y=
on x-axis on y-axis
−f(−x)
or
reflection reflection
y = f(x) y = f(−x) y=
on y-axis on x-axis
−f(−x)
 (ii) Reflections
Types of Reflection Function Point Remark

Reflection
y = − f(x) (x, −
on the x-axis
y)
Reflection (– x, y)
y = f(– x)
on the y-axis
Reflection y = − f(– x) (– x, − y)
on the origin
Reflection of the graph of y  x  3  2 y
y  x 3 2
x 3 7 12 · y  x 3 2 ·
y  x  3  2
y 2 4 5 (–12, 5) · · cv (12, 5)
(7, 4)
· ·
(–3, 2) (3, 2)
x
0
(–3, –2)· · (3, –2)
c
(–12, –5) · · (12, –5)
· y   x  3  2 ·
y   x 3 2

y   x  3  2 is the reflection on the x-axis of the graph of y  x  3  2

y  x  3  2 is the reflection on the y-axis of the graph of y  x  3  2
y   x  3  2 is the reflection on the origin of the graph of y  x  3  2
From the graph of y  x , using translations and reflections,
• the graph of y  – x  3  2 can be obtained as follows:
–f(x – 3) –f(x – 3) – 2
x f(x – 3) x 3  x 3 – x 3 2
reflection on x-axis translation (h = 0, k = –2)
translation (h = 3, k = 0)
y
y x
x 0 4 9 (9, 3)
y x · ·
y 0 2 3 (4, 2)· (12, 3)
· y  x 3
(0, 0)· (3, 0)· x

· · y   x 3
(3, –2) (12, –3)
·
·
·(12, –5)
y   x 3 2
 f(x – 3) + 2 –f(x – 3) – 2
or x x 3 2 – x 3 2
translation (h = 3, k = 2) reflection on x-axis
y
y x
(12, 5)
x 0 4 9 y  x 3 2 ·
y 0 2 3 · (9, 3)
· y x
(3, 2) · ·
(4, 2)
(0, 0)· x

(3, –2)·

·
y   x 3 2 ·
(12, –5)
 –f(x) – f(x – 3) – 2
or x  x – x 3 2
reflection on x-axis translation (h = 3, k = –2)
y
y x
x 0 4 9
y 0 2 3
(9, 3)
· y x
·
(4, 2)
(0, 0)· x
y x
(3, –2)· ·
·(9, –3)
·
y   x 3 2 ·
(12, –5)
• the graph of y  x  3  2 can be obtained as follows:
f(x – 3) + 2 f(–x – 3) + 2
x x 3 2 x  3  2
translation (h = 3, k = 2) reflection on y-axis

y x
x 0 4 9
y 0 2 3
y

y x  3  2 (12, 5)
· y  x 3 2 ·
(–12, 5) · ·
·
(3, 2) · · (9, 3)
(–3, 2)· y x
(4, 2)
(0, 0)
· x
 Even functions: If f(x) = f(−x) then the function f is called an even
So the graph of an function.
even function is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
e.g., f(x) = x2 is an even function, because f(−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f(x).

Odd functions: If f(x) = −f(−x) then the function f is called an odd function.
So the graph of an odd function is symmetric with respect to the origin.
e.g., f(x) = x3 is an odd function, because −f(−x) = −(−x)3 = −(−x3) = x3 = f(x).
(iii) Scalings
Vertical scaling:
For p > 0, the graph of y = pf(x) is the vertical scaling of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → (x, py)

since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (x, py) is on the graph of y = pf(x).

When 0 < p < 1, the graph of the function y = pf(x) can be seen as points on
the graph of y = f(x) moves nearer vertically by scale factor p to the x-axis.

When p > 1, the graph of the function y = pf(x) can be seen as points on the
graph of y = f(x) moves away vertically by scale factor p from the x-axis.
The vertically scaling graph of the function y = |x|. y
(–3, 9) · ·
y = |x| y = 3|x|
(3, 9)

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3

· ·
(–2, 6) (2, 6)

y = |x|
· ·
(–1, 3)
· · (3, 3)
(–3, 3) (1, 3)
· ·
(–2, 2) (2, 2)
1
y = 3 |x| · (–1, 1) · · (1, 1) ·
(–3, 1) (3, 1)
1 )·
(1, 3 · (1, 31 )
·(0, 0) x
The vertically scaling graph of the function y = −|x|. (0, 0) y
· x
y = – |x| · ·
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
(–3, –1)· (–1, –1)· ·(1, –1) ·(3, –1)
y –3 –2 –1 0 –1 –2 –3 1 (–2, –2) (2, –2)
y = – 3 |x| · ·
(–3, –3) ·
(–1, –3)· ·(1, –3) · (3, –3)

y = –|x|

· ·
(–2, –6) (2, –6)

(–3, –9) ·
y = –3|x|
·(3, –9)
Note: From the graph of y = f(x), the graph of y = −pf(x), p > 0 can be obtained as

reflection vertical scaling

y = f(x) y = −f(x) y=
on x-axis scale factor p
−pf(x)
or

vertical scaling reflection

y = f(x) y = pf(x) y=
scale factor p on x-axis −pf(x)
Horizontal scaling:
For q > 0, the graph of y = f(qx) is the horizontal scaling of the graph of y = f(x) as
(x, y) → ( 1 x, y)
q
since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then ( 1 x, y) is on the graph of y = pf(x).
q

When 0 < q < 1, the graph of the function y = f(qx) can be seen as points on
the graph of y = f(x) moves away horizontally by scale factor 1 from the y-axis.
q

When q > 1, the graph of the function y = f(qx) can be seen as points on the
graph of y = f(x) moves near horizontally by scale factor 1 to the y-axis.
q
 (iii) Scalings
Types of Scaling Function Point Remark

Vertical scaling y = pf(x) (x, py) scale factor p

1 1
Horizontal scaling y = f(qx) ( q x, y) scale factor q
 y
The horizontally scaling graph of the function y = x + 2.
3
(2, 10)
· ·
y = x3 + 2 (4, 10)

x –2 –1 0 1 2
y –6 1 2 3 10

y  ( 1 x )3  2
2

(1, 3)
· · (2, 3)
·
(0, 2)
(–2, 1) · ·
(–1, 1)
x

y = x3 + 2

(–2, –6)
(–4, –6) · ·
 y
The horizontally scaling graph of the function y = x + 2.
3
· ·(2, 10)
y=x +2
3 (1, 10)
x –2 –1 0 1 2 y = (2x)3 + 2
y –6 1 2 3 10

(
1 , 3)
2 · · (1, 3)
· (0, 2)
(–1, 1)
· ·(– 1 , 1)
2
x

y = x3 + 2

(–2, –6) · ·
(–1, –6)
Note: From the graph of y = f(x), the graph of y = f(−qx), q > 0 can be obtained as

reflection horizontal scaling

y = f(x) on y-axis y = f(–x) y = f(–qx)
scale factor 1
q
or
horizontal scaling reflection
y = f(x) y = f(qx) on y-axis y = f(–qx)
scale factor 1
q
The graph of y = af(bx + c) + d is combining all transformations (translation,
reflection, and scaling) of the graph of y = f(x) as

( 1 (x  c), ay  d )
(x, y) → b

since if (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x) then (b1 (x  c), ay  d ) is on the graph of
y = af(bx + c) + d.
 Types of Transformation Function Point
Vertical translation y = f(x) + k (x, y + k)

Horizontal translation y = f(x – h) (x + h, y)

Translation y = f(x − h) + k (x + h, y + k)

Reflection on the x-axis y = − f(x) (x, −

Reflection on the y-axis y = f(– x) (– y)
x, y)
Reflection on the origin y = − f(– x) (– x, − y)
Vertical scaling y = pf(x) (x, py)
1
Horizontal scaling y = f(qx) ( q x, y)
 scale factor p
Vertical scaling
Horizontal scaling scale factor 1
q
Horizontal translation
Vertical translation

y = –pf(–qx + h) + k ( 1 (– x  h), –(py  k ))

q
Reflection on the y-axis
Reflection on the x-axis
Example 1. / Page 33
From the function y = f(x),
(a) find the step-by-step transformation of y = f(3x − 3) + 2.
(b) If the point (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x), then find the respective point
on the graph of y = f(3x − 3) + 2.
(c) Hence if f(x) = x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, then draw step-by-step transformation
graphs to get the graph of y = f(3x − 3) + 2.

translation horizontal scaling

(a) y = f(x) y = f(x − 3) + 2 y = f(3x − 3) + 2
h = 3, k = 2 scale factor 1
3
f(x − 3) + 2
(b) (x, y) (x + 3, y + 2) f(3x − 3) + 2 ( x  3 , y  2)
3
(c) f(x) = x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ y
3
f(x) = x + 1
x 0 3 · (2, 6) ·
(6, 6)
f(x) 1 4 3
2
(3, 4)·
(1, 3)
· ·
(3, 3)
1
·
(0, 1)
x
Example 2. / Page 34
From the function y = f(x),
y  f ( 1 x  3)  2
(a) find the step-by-step transformation of 2 .
(b) If the point (x, y) is on the graph of y = f(x), then find the respective point
1
on the graph of y  f ( 2 x  3)  2 .
(c) Hence if f(x) = x2, then draw step-by-step transformation graphs to get the
1
graph of y  f ( 2 x  3)  2 .

translation horizontal scaling y  f ( 1 x  3)  2

(a) y = f(x) y = f(x + 3) – 2 2
h = –3, k = –2 scale factor 2
reflection y  f ( 1 x  3)  2
2
on y-axis
f(x + 3) – 2 f ( 1 x  3)  2
(b) (x, y) (x – 3, y – 2) 2 (2(x – 3), y – 2)
f ( 1 x  3)  2
2 (–2(x – 3), y – 2)
(c) f(x) = x2

x –2 –1 0 1 2
f(x) 4 1 0 1 4

1
· · 4
3 2
· · · · · ·
· ·
· x
(0, 0)
· · · · ·
· ·(–3, –2) ·
(–6, –2) (6, –2)
Example 3. / Page 34
Starting from the graph of f (x )  3
x ,  8  x  8.

(a) draw step-by-step transformation graphs to get the graph of f (x )  3 3

2x  12  2.

(b) Check your answer by finding the respective points on the graph of f (x )  3 3
2x  12  2

for the points (0, 0), (8, 2), (−8, −2) on the graph of f (x )  3
x.
f(x + 12) 3 f(2x + 12) 3 f(–2x + 12) 3
(a) 3
x x  12 2x  12 2x  12

3f(–2x + 12) 3f(–2x + 12) – 2

3 2x  12
3 3 3 2x  12  2
f (x )  3 x ,  8  x  8

x –8 –1 0 1 8
f(x) –2 –1 0 1 2
y (2, 6)
·
(2, 4) 5
·
(–4, 2)3 4 1 ·(8, 2)
2 · · ·
·
· · · · x
·
(–20, –2) ·
· · (6, –2)· ·
(–8, –2) (10, –2)

· (10, –6)
6 · (10, –8)
(b)

f(x + 12) f(2x + 12) f(–2x + 12) 3f(–2x + 12)

(0, 0) (–12, 0) (–6, 0) (6, 0) (6, 0)

3f(–2x + 12) – 2
(6, –2)

f(x + 12) f(2x + 12) f(–2x + 12) 3f(–2x + 12)

(8, 2) (–4, 2) (–2, 2) (2, 2) (2, 6)

3f(–2x + 12) – 2
(2, 4)

f(x + 12) f(2x + 12) f(–2x + 12) 3f(–2x + 12)

(–8, –2) (–20, –2) (–10, –2) (10, –2) (10, –6)

3f(–2x + 12) – 2
(10, –8)
Exercise 3.1 / 1. From the function y = f(x), find step-by-step transformation of
y  3 f ( 1 x  2)  1
(a) y = 2f(x − 3) + 2 (b) y = f(−2x + 3) − 2 (c) 3

horizontal translation y = f(x – 3) vertical scaling y = 2f(x – 3)

(a) y = f(x)
scale factor 2
h=3 vertical translation
y = 2f(x – 3) + 2
k=2

translation horizontal scaling

(b) y = f(x) y = f(x + 3) – 2 y = f(2x + 3) – 2
1
h = –3 and k = –2 scale factor 2
reflection
y = f(–2x + 3) – 2
on y-axis
 horizontal scaling y  f ( 1 x  2)
(c) y = f(x) horizontal translation y = f(x – 2)
3
scale factor 3
h=2
vertical scaling reflection
y  3 f ( 1 x  2) y  3 f ( 1 x  2)
3 on x-axis 3
scale factor 3

vertical translation y  3 f ( 1 x  2)  1
k=1
3
 y  1
Exercise 3.1 / 2. From the function x , find step-by-step transformation of
y  1 3 y  2 1 y   2 5
(a) x 1 (b) x 1 (c) 3x  2

(a)
1 f(x + 1) 1 f(x + 1) + 3 1
3
x x 1 x 1

f(x + 1) 1 2f(x + 1) 2 2f(x + 1) – 1 2

(b)
1 1
x x 1 x 1 x 1

(c)
1 f(x – 2) 1 f(3x – 2) 1 2f(3x – 2) 2 –2f(3x – 2)
 2
x x 2 3x  2 3x  2 3x  2

–2f(3x – 2) + 5 2 5

3x  2
Exercise 3.1 / 3. Let y = f(x) be a given function. Match the following transformations
to corresponding expressions.
(a) y = f(x + 3) i. horizontal scaling with scale factor 3
(b) y = f(x) + 3 ii. 3 units vertical translation
(c) y = f(−x) iii. vertical scaling with scale factor 3
(d) y = −f(x) iv. −3 units horizontal translation
(e) y = f(3x) v. reflection on y-axis
(f) y = 3f(x) vi. reflection on x-axis
1 1
(g) y = 3 f(x) vii. vertical scaling with scale factor
3
1 1
(h) y = f( 3 x) viii. horizontal scaling with scale factor
3
(a) iv (b) ii
(c) v (d) vi

(e) viii (f) iii

(g) vii (h) i

Exercise 3.1 / 4. Starting from the graph of f(x) = x3, −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, draw step-by-step
f (x )   2( 1 x  1)3  2
transformation graphs to get the graph of 3 . Check your answer by
f (x )   2( 1 x  1)3  2
finding the respective points on the graph of 3 for the points (0, 0),
(2, 8), (−2, −8) on the graph of f(x) = x3.
f ( 1 x  1) 1 2 f ( 1 x  1)
f(x – 1) 2 f ( x  1) 3 1 x  1)3
x 3 (x – 1) 3 3 1
( x  1)3 3 1
2( x  1)3 2(
3 3 3

2 f ( 1 x  1)  2
3 2( 1 x  1)3  2
3
 (–3, 18)· y
f(x) = x , −2 ≤ x ≤
3
(–3, 16) · · (9, 16)
2 x –2 –1 0 1 2
f(x) –8 –1 0 1 8 4
5
(2, 8) (3, 8)
·· ·(9, 8)
1 2 3

(3, 2)
·
(0, 0) ·
·· · x
· (3, 0)

(–3, –8) 6
· ··
(–2, –8) (–1, –8)

·(9, –14)
(–3, –16)
· ·(9, –16)
 f ( 1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1)  2
f(x – 1) 3
(0, 0) (1, 0) 3 (3, 0) 3 (3, 0) (3, 0) 3 (3, 2)

f(x – 1) f ( 1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1)  2
(2, 8) (3, 8)
3 (9, 8) 3 (9, 16) 3 (9, –16) 3 (9, –14)

1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1) 2 f ( 1 x  1)
f(x – 1) f ( 3
(–2, –8) (–1, –8) 3 (–3, –8)
3 (–3, –16) (–3, 16)

2 f ( 1 x  1)  2
3 (–3, 18)
Exercise 3.1 / 5.(a) The following figure shows the graph of a function y = f(x).
y
· D(5, 4)

B(–1, 2)
· ·
C(3, 2)
x

A(–5, –2)
·
1
Draw step-by-step transformation graphs to get the graph of y  2 f (x  3)  1
Check the answers by finding the respective points on the graphs of above transformations
for the points A(−5, −2), B(−1, 2), C(3, 2) and D(5, 4) on the given graph of y = f(x).

y = f(x) horizontal translationy = f(x – 3) vertical scaling y  1 f (x  3)

1 2
scale factor 2
h=3 vertical translation y  1 f (x  3)  1
2
k=1
 y

·D(5, 4) · (8, 4)

·(8, 3)
B(–1, 2) (2, 2)
· · · ·(6, 2) ·(8, 2)
C(3, 2)

· ·(6, 1)
(2, 1)
(–2, 0)
· x

(–2, –1)·

· ·
A(–5, –2) (–2, –2)
 1 f (x  3) 1 f (x  3)  1
A(–5, –2) f(x – 3) (–2, –2) 2 (–2, –1) 2 (–2, 0)

1 f (x  3) 1 f (x  3)  1
f(x – 3) 2 (2, 1) 2 (2, 2)
B(–1, 2) (2, 2)

1 f (x  3) 1 f (x  3)  1
f(x – 3) 2 2 (6, 2)
C(3, 2) (6, 2) (6, 1)

1 f (x  3) 1 f (x  3)  1
f(x – 3) 2 2
D(5, 4) (8, 4) (8, 2) (8, 3)
Exercise 3.1 / 5.(b) The following figure shows the graph of a function y = f(x).
y
· D(5, 4)

B(–1, 2)
· ·
C(3, 2)
x

A(–5, –2)
·

Draw step-by-step transformation graphs to get the graph of y  f (2x  1)  2

Check the answers by finding the respective points on the graphs of above transformations
for the points A(−5, −2), B(−1, 2), C(3, 2) and D(5, 4) on the given graph of y = f(x).

translation horizontal scaling

y = f(x) y = f(x + 1) – 2 y = f(2x + 1) – 2
1
h = – 1 and k = –2 scale factor 2
reflection
y = f(–2x + 1) – 2
on y-axis
 y

· D(5, 4)

B(–1, 2) (2, 2)
(–2, 2) · · · · · (4, 2)
C(3, 2)

(–2, 0) (–1, 0) (2, 0)

· · · · x
(1, 0)

·
A(–5, –2)

(–6, –4)
· · (–3, –4) · (3, –4)
A(–5, –2) f(x + 1) –2 f(2x + 1) – 2 f(–2x + 1) – 2
(–6, –4) (–3, –4) (3, –4)

B(–1, 2) f(x + 1) –2 (–2, 0) f(2x + 1) – 2 f(–2x + 1) – 2 (1, 0)

(–1, 0)

C(3, 2) f(x + 1) –2 (2, 0) f(2x + 1) – 2 f(–2x + 1) – 2

(1, 0) (–1, 0)

D(5, 4) f(x + 1) –2 f(2x + 1) – 2 f(–2x + 1) – 2

(4, 2) (2, 2) (–2, 2)
Exercise 3.1 / 5.(c) The following figure shows the graph of a function y = f(x).
y
· D(5, 4)

B(–1, 2)
· ·
C(3, 2)
x

A(–5, –2)
·
1
Draw step-by-step transformation graphs to get the graph of y  2 f ( 3 x  2)  2
Check the answers by finding the respective points on the graphs of above transformations
for the points A(−5, −2), B(−1, 2), C(3, 2) and D(5, 4) on the given graph of y = f(x).

y = f(x) horizontal translationy = f(x – 2) horizontal scaling y  f ( 1 x  2)

3
scale factor 3
vertical
h = scaling vertical translation y  2 f ( 1 x  2)  2
y  2 f ( 1 x  2)
2
3 3
scale factor 2 k=2
 y ·(21, 10)

·(21, 8)
(3, 6)
· ·
(15, 6)
(3, 4) D(5, 4)
· · ·(7, 4) ·(15, 4) ·(21, 4)
B(–1, 2) (1, 2)
· · · · ·
C(3, 2) (5, 2) (15, 2)

x
(–9, –2)· · ·(–3, –2)
A(–5, –2)
(–9, –4)·
 f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2)  2
f(x – 2) 3 3 (–9, –4) 3
A(–5, –2) (–3, –2) (–9, –2) (–9, –2)

f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2)  2
f(x – 2) 3 3 3
B(–1, 2) (1, 2) (3, 2) (3, 4) (3, 6)

f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2)  2
f(x – 2) 3 (15, 2) 3 3 (15, 6)
C(3, 2) (5, 2) (15, 4)

f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2) 2 f ( 1 x  2)  2
f(x – 2) 3 3 3
D(5, 4) (7, 4) (21, 4) (21, 8) (21, 10)
Exercise 3.1 / 5.(d) The following figure shows the graph of a function y = f(x).
y
· D(5, 4)

B(–1, 2)
· ·
C(3, 2)
x

A(–5, –2)
·
Draw step-by-step transformation graphs to get the graph of y  2 f (2x  1)  1
Check the answers by finding the respective points on the graphs of above transformations
for the points A(−5, −2), B(−1, 2), C(3, 2) and D(5, 4) on the given graph of y = f(x).

horizontal translation horizontal scaling vertical scaling

y = f(x) y = f(x – 1) y = f(2x – 1)
1 scale factor 2
scale factor 2
reflection
h=1 vertical translation y = –2f(2x – 1) – 1
y = 2f(2x – 1) y = –2f(2x – 1)
on x-axis
 y
·(3, 8)

(–2, 4) (0, 4) (2, 4) D(5, 4)

· · · ·(3, 4) · · (6, 4)
(–2, 3)
·
B(–1, 2) (0, 2)
· · · · · (4, 2)
(2, 2) C(3, 2)

x
A(–5, –2)
· · ·(–2, –2)
(–4, –2)
(0, –4) (2, –4)
(–2, –4)· · ·
(0, –5)
· ·
(2, –5)

· (3, –8)
·(3, –9)
 f(x – 1) f(2x – 1) (–2, –2) 2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) – 1
A(–5, –2) (–4, –2) (–2, –4) (–2, 4) (–2, 3)

f(x – 1) f(2x – 1) 2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) – 1

(0, 2) (0, 2) (0, 4) (0, –4) (0, –5)
B(–1, 2)

f(x – 1) f(2x – 1) 2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) – 1

C(3, 2) (2, 2) (2, 4) (2, –4) (2, –5)
(4, 2)

f(x – 1) f(2x – 1) 2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) –2f(2x – 1) – 1

D(5, 4) (6, 4) (3, 4) (3, 8) (3, –8) (3, –9)
Exercise 3.1 / 6. Determine the following functions are even or odd or neither or both.
(a) y = x3 − 2x (b) y = 3x2 + 2 (c) y = 0 (d) y = 1
(g) y  x  x
3 3
(e) y = 2x − 1 (f) y = 3|x| − 2

(a) y = f(x) = x3 − 2x (b) y = f(x) = 3x2 + 2

f(–x) = (–x)3 − 2(– f(–x) = 3(–x)2 + 2
x) 3
= –x + 2x = 3x2 + 2
–f(–x) = x3 – 2x \ f(x) = f(–x)
\ f(x) = –f(–x) \ f is an even function.
\ f is an odd function.
(c) y = f(x) = 0 (e) y = f(x) = 2x – 1
f(–x) = 0 f(–x) = 2(–x) – 1
–f(–x) = 0 = – 2x – 1
\ f(x) = f(–x) = –f(–x) – f(–x) = 2x + 1
\ f is both even and odd function. \ f(x) ¹ f(–x) and f(x) ¹ – f(–x)

(d) y = f(x) = 1 \ f is neither even nor odd function.

(f) y = f(x) = 3|x| − 2
f(–x) = 1
–f(–x) = –1 f(–x) = 3|– x| − 2

\ f(x) = f(–x) but f(x) ¹ –f(–x) = 3|x| − 2

\ f is an even function. \ f(x) = f(–x)
\ f is an even function.
(g) y  f (x )  3
x 3  x
f (x )  3
(x )3  (x )
f (x )  3 x 3  x
 f (x )   3 x 3  x  3 (1)(x 3  x )  3
x 3  x
\ f(x) = –f(–x)
\ f is an odd function.