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03 Control Statements in C++

Control statements in C allow programmers to control the flow of program execution. There are two main types of control statements: selection statements (if, if-else, else-if, switch) and iteration statements (while, do-while, for). Selection statements allow choosing between optional sections of code based on conditions, while iteration statements allow repeating important sections. The if statement executes code if a condition is true, if-else executes one code block if true and another if false, and else-if provides multiple conditions to check. The switch statement allows selecting between multiple constant cases.

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63 views11 pages

03 Control Statements in C++

Control statements in C allow programmers to control the flow of program execution. There are two main types of control statements: selection statements (if, if-else, else-if, switch) and iteration statements (while, do-while, for). Selection statements allow choosing between optional sections of code based on conditions, while iteration statements allow repeating important sections. The if statement executes code if a condition is true, if-else executes one code block if true and another if false, and else-if provides multiple conditions to check. The switch statement allows selecting between multiple constant cases.

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Raza Ahmad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Control Statements in C

Selection statement and Iteration Statements


Control Structures
• A program consists of a number of statements which are usually
executed in sequence. Programs can be much more powerful if we
can control the order in which statements are run.

• Statements fall into three general types;


1. Assignment, where values, usually the results of calculations, are stored in
variables.
2. Input / Output, data is read in or printed out.
3. Control, the program makes a decision about what to do next.
Control Statement Continued…
Control statements in C++ are Control
statements

used to write powerful programs Selection Iteration


by; Statements statements

The if else The while loop &


statement Do while loop

1. Selecting between optional The switch


sections of a program. statements
The for loop

2. Repeating important sections of The break

the program. statement

Continue
statement

Goto statement
If Selection Statement
• Selection structure
• Choose among alternative courses of action Syntax:
• Pseudocode example: if ( condition )
{
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
statement ;
Print “Passed” }
• If the condition is true
• Print statement executed, program continues to next statement
• If the condition is false
• Print statement ignored, program continues
• Indenting makes programs easier to read
• C++ ignores whitespace characters (tabs, spaces, etc.)
If Structure
• Translation into C++
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 if ( grade >= 60 )
Print “Passed” cout << "Passed";

• if structure
• Single-entry/single-exit A decision can be made on
any expression.
zero - false
true nonzero - true
grade >= 60 print “Passed”
Example:
3 - 4 is true

false
If-Else Structure FLOW Chart

• if
• Performs action if condition true False True
Test Condition
• if/else
• Different actions if conditions true or false
• Pseudocode Executable Y - Statement Executable X - Statement

if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60


print “Passed”
else
print “Failed”
Syntax:
• C++ code if ( condition )
{
if ( grade >= 60 ) }
statement 1 ; (if the condition is true this statement will be executed)

cout << "Passed"; else


{
else statement 2 ; (if the condition is false this statement will be executed)
cout << "Failed"; }
Else-If Structure
• Nested if/else structures • Example
One inside another, test for multiple cases
Once condition met, other statements skipped
if ( grade >= 90 ) // 90 and above
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A” cout << "A";
else else if ( grade >= 80 ) // 80-89
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80 cout << "B";
Print “B”
else
else if ( grade >= 70 ) // 70-79
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70 cout << "C";
Print “C” else if ( grade >= 60 ) // 60-69
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 cout << "D";
Print “D” else // less than 60
else cout << "F";
Print “F”
FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_1 Exec. Stat_1

FALSE
TRUE

Control Flow of else-if Test Condition_2 Exec. Stat_2

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_3 Exec. Stat_3

FALSE TRUE
Test Condition_n

Exec. Stat_X Exec. Stat_n


Compound statement
• Set of statements within a pair of braces
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed.\n";
else {
cout << "Failed.\n";
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
}
• Without braces,
cout << "You must take this course again.\n";
always executed
• Block
Set of statements within braces
Switch Statement
• The control statements which
allow us to make a decision from switch (expression)
the number of choices is called {
case constant 1:
switch (or) Switch-case simple statement (or)
statement. compound statement;
case constant 2:
• It is a multi way decision simple statement (or)
statement, it test the given compound statement;
case constant 3:
variable (or) expression against a simple statement (or)
list of case value. compound statement;
}
Rules for Switch Statement
 The expression in the switch statement must be an integer or character constant.
 No real numbers are used in an expression.
 The default is optional and can be placed anywhere, but usually placed at end.
 The case keyword must be terminated with colon (:);
 No two case constant are identical.
 The values of switch expression is compared with case constant in the order specified i.e from
top to bottom.
 The compound statements are no need to enclose within pair of braces.
 Integer Expression used in different case statements can be specified in any order.
 A switch may occur within another switch, but it is rarely done. Such statements are called as
nested switch statements.
 The switch statement is very useful while writing menu driven programs.

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