Database

Management
Systems

Lecture - 5
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Lecture’s Overview

Database Application
Development Process
Preliminary Study of System

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Database Application
Development Process
Involves
Database Design
Application Programs
Implementation
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 Database Design
A DB Design is a model of a
particular real-world system
It provides a picture of reality
Should be simple and self-
explanatory © Virtual University of Pakistan
 Database
Development
Process
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Database Development
Process
Similar to
Preliminary Study
software
Requirement Analysis
development
DB Design
process
Physical Design

Implementation

Maintenance
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Design Stages
Analyze User Environment

Develop Conceptual Model

Map Conceptual Model to Logical

Choose DBMS

Develop Physical Design

Implement System

Test System

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Operational Maintenance
 Analyze Existing
System
Objective: To understand the
working of existing system
Analyze users’ requirements

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 Tool Used

Why to use at all?

Data Flow Diagrams

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Data Flow
Diagrams

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 Data Flow Diagrams
(DFDs)
 Represent the flow of data
between different processes
within a system
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 Data Flow Diagrams
 Simple & intuitive, not focusing on
details
 To describe, what users do,
do
rather than what computers do
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Data Flow Diagrams
 Limitations

 Focus only on flows of information

 Decision points/basis not included

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 DFD-Symbols
Dataflows: pipelines through
which packets of information flow.
Arrows are labeled with name of
the data that moves through

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 DFD-Symbols
Data Store
Repositories of data in system
Static data
Data held for processing
Name is a noun phrase

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 DFD-Symbols
Process
transforms incoming data flow into
outgoing data flow

OR

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 DFD-Process
Numbered
Name is verb/object phrase;
Noun for high-level systems
1.0 1.0
Process OR Process
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 DFD-Symbols
External Entities
Sources/destinations for data
Outside the system
Name is Noun Phrase

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 DFD-Symbols
Collector
Several data flows combine here
No processing occurs here

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 DFD-Symbols
Separator
Several data flows split from here
No processing

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 DFD-Symbols
Ring-sum operator

Shows two possible data flows

Only one is followed

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 DFD-Symbols
AND operator
Shows two data flows
Both are followed

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Types of DFD
Context diagram
Level 0 diagram
Detailed diagram

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 Context Diagram
Consists of single
Process/System
Represents the system/process
being analyzed
Name: Usually a Noun phrase
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 Context Diagram
Show Context Only
Inputs/outputs
External Entities
No Data Stores
No flows between external entities
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Context Diagram

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Context Diagram
Student
Dean
Cla ts
ss
Re Co un
s
q ue
sts Clas ets
h e
Sch dS
ed l ty L oa
ule cu
Admission Fa

gs
System
eri n Cla
rse Off ss
L
Cou ists
t Data
en
Stud

Faculty
Registrar
Member
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 Diagram 0
Class
Requests Old Class Data
1.0 Class
Student Process C
Request Requests Updated Registration
Status Class Data
Updated
2.0 Student 7.0
Produce Produce
Data
Student
Faculty
Schedule
S Student Load
Registration Sheets
5.0 6.0
Produce Produce
Class Class
3.0 4.0
Lists Counts
Create Create
Student Class
Student
File File
Data
Course Faculty
Registrar Offering member
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Dean
That is all for lecture 5, however,
Due to time available discussed
Level 0 diagram in air, to be included
Later inshAllah

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© Virtual University of Pakistan
Student
Dean
Cla ts
ss
Re Co un
s
q ue
sts Clas ets
h e
Sch dS
ed l ty L oa
ule cu
Admission Fa

gs
System
eri n Cla
rse Off ss
L
Cou ists
t Data
en
Stud

Faculty
Registrar
Member

© Virtual University of Pakistan

© Virtual University of Pakistan
 Diagram 0
Class
Requests Old Class Data
1.1 Class
Student Process C
Invalid Requests Updated Registration
Request Class Data
Updated
2.0 Student 7.0
Produce Produce
Data
Student
Faculty
Schedule
S Student Load
Registration Sheets
5.0 6.0
Produce Produce
Class Class
3.0 4.0
Lists Counts
Create Create
Student Class
Student
File File
Data
Course Faculty
Registrar Offering member
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Dean
 Detailed Diagram
Class
C
Registration
s s

Updated Class Data

la
C
ld
Class O ta
Requests 1.1
1.2 Da
Check
Student Edit
Class
Invalid Requests Valid
Counts
Request Requests

Ac qu
Request
Accepted
Re
ce es
Rejected Request

pt t
ed
1.4
Update
1.3 Class
S Student Update Data
Registration Student
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Data
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 Overview
Continue discussion on DFD
Discussion on Design Phase
Database Design and Data
Models
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 Database
Management
Systems

Lecture - 5
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