Introduction

Computer Graphics
• Computer graphics is an art of drawing
pictures, lines, charts, etc. using computers
with the help of programming. Computer
graphics image is made up of number of
pixels.
• Pixel is the smallest addressable graphical unit
represented on the computer screen.
• Computer
- Information processing machine
-User needs to communicate with computer
-Computer Graphics an effective way
-Displays the information in the form of
graphical objects such as pictures, charts,
diagram and graphs.
-Graphics picture or graphics objects are
presented as a collection of discrete pixels
-We can control intensity and color of pixel
which decide how picture look like.
-The special procedure determines which pixel
will provide the best approximation to the
desired picture or graphics object. This
process is known as Rasterization.
-The process of representing continuous
picture or graphics object as a collection of
discrete pixels is called Scan Conversion.
Advantage
• effective and common way of communication.
• provides tools for producing picture of “real-
world” as well as synthetic objects
• produce animations
• provides tools called motion dynamics.
e.g. walk throw made by builder to show flat
interior and surrounding.
• provides update dynamics : change the shape
color and other properties of object.
• provides audio feedback along with the
graphical feed backs (with help of DSP and
audio synthetic chip)
Applications of Computer Graphics
• User interface: - Visual objects on screen
• Plotting of graphics and charts :- useful in
industry, business, government, educational
organizations. Help in quick and good
decision making.
• Office automation and desktop publishing: -
used for creation and dissemination of
information which contains text, tables,
graphs and other forms of drawn or scanned
images or picture.
• Computer aided drafting and design: - design
components and systems.
automobile, structures of building etc.
• Simulation and animation: - makes
mathematical models and mechanical systems
more realistic and easy to study.
• Art and commerce: - tools used to make
picture animated and attractive used in
advertising.
• Process control: - automation which is
graphically displayed on the screen.
• Cartography: - geographic maps, weather
maps, oceanographic charts etc.
• Education and training: -used to generate
models of physical, financial and economic
systems .
• Image processing: -It is used to process image
by changing property of the image.
 Display Devices
• Display devices are also known as output
devices
• Most commonly used output device in a
graphics system is a video monitor.
 Cathode Ray tube
• It is an evacuated glass tube.
• An electron gun produce a beam of electrons
directed towards the screen
• screen is coated with phosphor substance
stroked by electrons produces light.
• Control grid controls velocity of electrons
before they hit the phosphor.
• The control grid voltage determines how many
electrons are actually in the electron beam.
• control grid controls Intensity of the spot
where beam strikes the screen.
• The focusing system converges electrons to
small point .
• Deflection system directs beam which decides
the point where beam strikes the screen.
• Deflection system of the CRT consists of two
pairs of parallel plates which are vertical and
horizontal deflection plates.
• Voltage applied to vertical and horizontal
deflection plates control vertical and
horizontal deflection respectively.
 There are two techniques used for producing
images on the CRT screen: Vector/Random
scan display and Raster scan display

1.Vector /Random scan display

• Vector scan display directly traces out only the
desired lines on CRT.
• Line between point p1 & p2 : directly drive the
beam deflection circuitry which focus beam
directly from point p1 to p2.
• Information about both magnitude and
direction is required which is generated with
the help of vector graphics generator.
• In this technique beam is deflected from end
point to end point hence this techniques is
also called random scan.
• beam strikes phosphors coated screen it
emits light but that light decays just after few
milliseconds it is necessary to refresh the
screen at least 30 times per second to avoid
flicker.
• As display buffer is used to store display list
and used to refreshing, it is also called refresh
buffer
2.Raster scan display
• It consists of display controller, CPU, video
controller, refresh buffer, keyboard, mouse
and CRT.
• Image is stored in the form of 1’s and 0’s in the
refresh buffer.
• The video controller reads this refresh buffer
and produces the actual image on screen.
• It will scan one line at a time from top to
bottom & then back to the top.
• Here beam is swept back & forth from left to
the right.
• When beam is moved from left to right it is ON
• from right to left beam is OFF,
process of moving beam from right to left is
known as Horizontal Retrace.
• Beam is made OFF after reaching the bottom
and rapidly retraced back to the top left to start
again.
• process of moving back to top is known as
Vertical Retrace.
• The screen image is maintained by repeatedly
scanning the same image. This process is known
as Refreshing of Screen
• special area of memory dedicated to graphics
only- Frame Buffer.
• Frame buffer holds set of intensity values for
all the screen points.
• Each screen point referred as pixel or
Pel(Picture Element).
• Each pixel can be specified by its row and
column numbers.
• black and white system or color system
• In simple black and white system each pixel is
either ON or OFF, so only one bit per pixel is
needed.
• Additional bits are required when color needs
to be displayed.
• System with one bit per pixel the frame buffer
is commonly called a Bitmap.
• Systems with multiple bits per pixel, the
frame buffer is often referred as a Pixmap.