1.

What is
Hypothesis?

6.Limitations
2.What is Null
Of Hypothesis
Hypothesis?
Testing

Learning
Outcomes
5.Procedure of
Hypothesis 3.What is
Testing Alternate
Hypothesis?
Z-TEST, T-Test

4.Type I & II
Error
What is Hypothesis?

⮚ Hypothesis is a predictive statement capable to being tested by scientific

methods, that relates some independent Variable to some dependent
variable.
⮚ Its is a proportion that can be put to a test to determine its validity.
⮚ It is a statement logically formed an opinion on the basis of relationship
between two or more variable.
⮚ For Example: 1. Students who receive counselling will show greater increase
in creativity than students not receiving counselling.
2. Advertisement with child artist has more liking as compared to advertisement
with adults.
 Characteristics Of Hypothesis
❑ Clear and Precise.
❑ Capable of being Tested.
❑ Stated relationship between Variables.
❑ Limited in scope and must be specific.
❑ Consistent with most known facts.
❑ Responsive to testing with reasonable time. One can’t spend lifetime to test
a data for it.
❑ Explains what it claims to explain; it should be empirical reference.
❑ Stated as far as possible in most simple terms so that same is easily
understandable by all concerned. But simplicity of Hypothesis is nothing to
do with significance.
What is Null Hypothesis?

⮚ A Null Hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance

between the two variables.
⮚ It is an assertion that we hold as true unless we have sufficient statistical
evidence to conclude otherwise.
⮚ Null Hypothesis is denoted by H0
⮚ If a population mean is equal to hypothesized mean then Null Hypothesis can be
written as
H0:u=u0
⮚ For Example: If one plant is fed with club soda for one month and another plant
fed with plain water, there will be no difference in growth between the two plants.
What is Alternative Hypothesis?

● The alternative hypothesis is a position that states something is happening, a new theory
is true instead of an old one (null hypothesis).
● The alternate hypothesis is usually what you will be testing in hypothesis testing. It’s
statement that you or another researcher) thinks is true and one that can ultimately lead
you to reject the null hypothesis and replace it with the alternate hypothesis.
● Alternative hypothesis is denoted by Ha
● Alternative Hypothesis can be written as
Ha:u≠u0
● For Example: If one plant is fed club soda for one month and another plant is fed plain
water, the plant that is fed club soda will grow better than the plant that is fed plain water.
What is Type I and Type II Error

● Type I error ● Type II error

1. Type II error when based on the
1. Type I error occurs when sample results, the null
the sample results lead to hypothesis is not rejected when it
the rejection of the null is false.
hypothesis 2. The probability of type II error is
denoted by (β)
2. The probability of Type I
3. The magnitude of (β) depends
error(α) is called the Level
on the actual value of the
of Significance. population parameter(proportion)
Let’s Take Suppose its your Friends Birthday:
Example ● Your Decision to wish her on her
Birthday is “good decision”.
● But when it’s not her Birthday and
you are wishing her Birthday that is
known as “Type I Error”
● When its her Birthday and you are
not wishing her that is known as
“Type II Error”
● When it’s not her Birthday then why
will you wish her is obvious.
 Type I and Type II Error
Decision

Situation Accept Null Reject Null

Null is True Correct Type I error (α error)

Null is False Type II error (β error) Correct

 Level of Significance
▪ Significance means the percentage risk to reject a null hypothesis when it is true and it
is denoted by 𝛼.
▪ If level of significance is 5% then researcher is willing to take as much as 5% risk of
rejecting the null hypothesis if it is true. It is determined in advance prior to testing of
hypothesis.
▪ (1−𝛼)is the confidence interval in which the null hypothesis will exist when it is true.
● One tailed Test: the significance test in which the region of rejection appears on one
end of the sampling distribution. It represents that the estimated test parameter is
greater or less than the critical value.
● Two Tailed test: The two-tailed test is described as a hypothesis test, in which the
region of rejection or say the critical area is on both the ends of the normal distribution.
It determines whether the sample tested falls within or outside a certain range of
values.
Explanation when to use one tail test and two
tail test
 Z- Test, T-Test, F-Test
Associated Test Sample Size Information Given Distribution
Z-Test Two population or • Standard Normal
large Sample (n>30) deviation of the
population (this
will be given as σ)
• Population mean
or Proportion

T-Test Two small • Standard Normal

samples(n<30) deviation of the
sample (this will
be given as s )
• Sample Mean
F-Test Three or more • Group sizes Normal
samples • Group Mean
• Group Standard
Deviation
What is P-Value

● P-Value stands for “probability value” it indicates that how likely that a result
occurred by chance.
● Small p-value= greater than chances alone(something has happened test is
significant)
● Larger the p-value= result is within chance or normal sampling error (nothing
happened; test is not significant)
● P-value ranges from 0 to 1
● For example: α=0.05 the following rule apply:
If p< α the test is significant
If p> α the test is not significant
Let 1. p=0.03 (with α=0.05) we can say the test is significant
2. p=0.12 (with α=0.05) we can say that test is not significant
Procedure of Hypothesis Testing

Decide a test Calculate the p-value

State the null and State a significance
statistics: z-test, T- at the given
alternative hypothesis level at 5%
test, F-test significance level

Compare the p-value

P-value > calculated
with the calculated Accept H0
value
value

P-value <
calculated value Reject H0
Limitations Of Hypothesis Testing

● Testing of Hypothesis is not decision making itself; but help for decision
making
● Test does not explain the reason as why the difference exist, it only
indicates that the difference is due to fluctuation of sampling or because of
other reasons but the test do not tells about the reason causing the
difference.
● Test are based on the probability and as such cannot be expressed with
certainty
● Statistical inferences based on the significance tests cannot be said to be
entirely correct evidences concerning the truth of the hypothesis.
 THANK YOU
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