C programming

Dr. Poongundran Selvaprabhu, B.E., M.S.,

Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor (Senior),
Department of Communication Engineering,
School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE),
Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT),
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Programming

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C Data Types
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 Rules for defining variables
• A variable can have alphabets, digits, and
underscore.
• A variable name can start with the alphabet,
and underscore only. It can't start with a digit.
• No whitespace is allowed within the variable
name.
• A variable name must not be any reserved
word or keyword, e.g. int, float, etc.
 Variable
Valid variable names:

• int a;
• int _ab;
• int a30;

Invalid variable names:

• int 2;
• int a b;
• int long;
 Variables in C
A variable is a name of the memory location. It is used to
store data. Its value can be changed, and it can be reused
many times.
It is a way to represent memory location through symbol
so that it can be easily identified.
int a=10,b=20;
float f=20.8;
char c='A';

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Variable (vs) Constant
Types of Variables in C
type variable_list;
There are many types of variables in c:

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 Local Variable
A variable that is declared inside the function or
block is called a local variable.
They can be used only by statements that are inside
that function or block of code.
Local variables are not known to functions outside
their own.
It must be declared at the start of the block.
You must have to initialize the local variable before
it is used.

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 Local Variables
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
/* local variable declaration */
int a, b, c;
/* actual initialization */
a;
b;
c = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and c = %d\
n", a, b, c);
return 0; }
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 Global Variable
A variable that is declared outside the function or block
is called a global variable.
Global variables are defined outside a function, usually
on top of the program.
Global variables hold their values throughout the
lifetime of your program and they can be accessed inside
any of the functions defined for the program.
A global variable can be accessed by any function. That
is, a global variable is available for use throughout your
entire program after its declaration.
It must be declared at the start of the block and any
function can change the value of the global variable.
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 Global Variable
#include <stdio.h>
/* global variable declaration */
int g;
int main ()
{ /* local variable declaration */
int a, b;
/* actual initialization */
a = 10; b = 20;
g = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and g = %d\n", a, b, g);
return 0; }
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 Global Variable
#include <stdio.h>
/* global variable declaration */
int g = 20;
int main ()
{
printf ("value of g = %d\n", g);
return 0; }
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#include <stdio.h> Global Variable
/* global variable declaration */
int g = 20;
int main ()
{
/* local variable declaration */
int g = 10;
printf ("value of g = %d\n", g);
return 0; }
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 Static Variable
A variable that is declared with the static
keyword is called static variable.
It retains its value between multiple function
calls.
Static variables have a property of stabilizing
their value even after they are out of their
scope.
 Static variables preserve their previous value
in their previous scope and are not initialized
again in the new scope.
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 Static variables
#include<stdio.h>
int fun()
{ static int count = 0;
count++;
return count;
}
int main()
{
printf("%d ", fun());
printf("%d ", fun());
return 0; }
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 Static variables
#include<stdio.h>
int fun()
{ int count = 0;
count++;
return count;
}
int main()
{
printf("%d ", fun());
printf("%d ", fun());
return 0; }
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 Automatic (auto) variables
The variables which are declared inside a block are
known as automatic or local variables.
 These variables allocates memory automatically upon
entry to that block and free the occupied memory upon
exit from that block.
These variables have local scope to that block only that
means these can be accessed in which variable declared.
Keyword 'auto' may be used to declare automatic
variable but we can declare these variable without using
'auto' keywords.

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 Automatic Variable
All variables in C that are declared inside the block, are
automatic variables by default. We can explicitly declare
an automatic variable using auto keyword.
void main(){
Char x[];//local variable (also automatic)
auto int y=20;//automatic variable
}
these variables allocates memory automatically upon
entry to that block and free the occupied memory upon
exit from that block.

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 Automatic Variable
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
auto int j = 1; "visibility level"
{ for auto variables in each block code
auto int j= 2; which are independently to each other:
{
auto int j = 3;
printf ( " %d ", j);
}
printf ( "\t %d ",j);
}
printf( "%d\n", j); return 0;}
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 External Variable
 External variables are also known as global variables. These
variables are defined outside the function.
 These variables are available globally throughout the function
execution.
 The value of global variables can be modified by the functions.
“extern” keyword is used to declare and define the external
variables.

 Scope − They are not bound by any function. They are

everywhere in the program i.e. global.
 Default value-Default initialized value of global variables are
Zero.
 Lifetime − Till the end of the execution of the program.
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 Important points about extern
• External variables can be declared number of times but
defined only once.
• “extern” keyword is used to extend the visibility of function
or variable.
• By default the functions are visible throughout the program,
there is no need to declare or define extern functions. It just
increase the redundancy.
• Variables with “extern” keyword are only declared not
defined.
• Initialization of extern variable is considered as the
definition of the extern variable.
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 External Variable
#include <stdio.h>
extern int x=32;
int b=8;
int main()
{
auto int a=28;
extern int b;
printf("Value of auto variable : %d\n", a);
printf("Value of extern variables x & b : %d,%d\n",x,b);
x=15;
printf("The value of modified extern variable x : %d\n",x);
return 0;
}
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 Basic Data Types

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 Keywords

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 KEYWORD In Program

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 Keywords

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 List of Constants in C

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 List of Constants in C

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Escape Sequences
Escape Sequences Character
\b Backspace
\n Newline
\r Return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\\ Backslash
\' Single quotation mark
\" Double quotation mark
\? Question mark
\0 Null character
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Integers- {decimal, octal, hexadecimal} Binary
An integer is a numeric literal(associated with numbers)
without any fractional or exponential part. There are three
types of integer literals in C programming:
decimal (base 10)
octal (base 8)
hexadecimal (base 16)
Binary(base 2)
For example:
Decimal: 0, -9, 22 etc
Octal: 021, 077, 033 etc
Hexadecimal: 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x521 etc

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Binary: 0,1Selvaprabhu
Dr. Poongundran 19/02/2024
 #include<stdio.h>
void convert(int, int);
int main() Part1
{ int num;
printf("Enter a positive decimal number : ");
scanf("%d", &num);
printf("\nBinary number :: ");
convert(num, 2);
printf("\n");
printf("\nOctal number :: ");
convert(num, 8);
printf("\n");
printf("\nHexadecimal number :: ");
convert(num, 16);
printf("\n");
return 0;
34}/*EndDr. Poongundran Selvaprabhu 19/02/2024
of main()*/
 void convert (int num, int base)
{
Part 2
int rem = num%base;

if(num==0)
return;
convert(num/base, base);

if(rem < 10)

printf("%d", rem);
else
printf("%c", rem-10+'A' );
}/*End of convert()*/
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 Floating-point Literals
 A floating-point literal is a numeric literal that has either a
fractional form or an exponent form. For example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
float X1, X2, X3;
X1=-2.0;
X2=0.0000234 ;
X3=-0.22E-5 ; [Note: Note: E-5 = 10-5 ]
return 0;
}

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 C Arithmetic Operators
An arithmetic operator performs mathematical
operations such as
Addition,
Subtraction,
Multiplication,
Division etc on numerical values
(constants and variables).

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Arithmetic Operators
// Working of arithmetic operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int a = 9,b = 4, c; Output:
c = a+b;
a+b = 13
printf("a+b = %d \n",c);
a-b = 5
c = a-b;
a*b = 36
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);
c = a*b;
a/b = 2
printf("a*b = %d \n",c); Remainder when a divided by b=1
c = a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
c = a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);
return 0; }
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 C Assignment Operators
Operator Example Same as
= a=b a=b
+= a += b a = a+b
-= a -= b a = a-b
*= a *= b a = a*b
/= a /= b a = a/b
%= a %= b a = a%b

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 #include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int a=5, c;
c = a; // c is 5
printf("c = %d\n", c);
Output
c += a; // c is 10
printf("c = %d\n", c); c=5
c -= a; // c is 5 c = 10
printf("c = %d\n", c); c=5
c *= a; // c is 25 c = 25
printf("c = %d\n", c);
c=5
c /= a; // c is 5
c=0
printf("c = %d\n", c);
c %= a; // c = 0
printf("c = %d\n", c);
return 0; }
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 C Relational Operators
Operator Meaning of Operator Example

5 == 3 is evaluated to
== Equal to
0

> Greater than 5 > 3 is evaluated to 1

< Less than 5 < 3 is evaluated to 0

5 != 3 is evaluated to
!= Not equal to
1

Greater than or 5 >= 3 is evaluated to

>=
equal to 1

5 <= 3 is evaluated to
<= Less than or equal to
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 // Working of relational operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10;
printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, b, a == b);
printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, c, a == c);
printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, b, a > b);
printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, c, a > c);
printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, b, a < b);
printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, c, a < c);
printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, b, a != b);
printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, c, a != c);
printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, b, a >= b);
printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, c, a >= c);
printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, b, a <= b);
printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, c, a <= c);
return 0; }
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 Output
5 == 5 is 1
5 == 10 is 0
5>5 is 0
5 > 10 is 0
5<5 is 0
5 < 10 is 1
5 != 5 is 0
5 != 10 is 1
5 >= 5 is 1
5 >= 10 is 0
5 <= 5 is 1
5 <= 10 is 1
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 C Logical Operators
Operator Meaning Example
If c = 5 and d = 2
Logical AND. True
then, expression
&& only if all operands
((c==5) && (d>5))
are true
equals to 0.

If c = 5 and d = 2
Logical OR. True
|| then, expression
only if either one
((c==5) || (d>5))
operand is true
equals to 1.

Logical NOT. True If c = 5 then,

! only if the operand expression !(c==5)
is 0 equals to 0.
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 // Working of logical operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;
result = (a == b) && (c > b);
printf("(a == b) && (c > b) is %d \n", result);
result = (a == b) && (c < b);
printf("(a == b) && (c < b) is %d \n", result);
result = (a == b) || (c < b);
printf("(a == b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);
result = (a != b) || (c < b);
printf("(a != b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);
result = !(a != b);
printf("!(a != b) is %d \n", result);
result = !(a == b);
printf("!(a == b) is %d \n", result);
return 0; }
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 Output
(a == b) && (c > b) is 1
(a == b) && (c < b) is 0
(a == b) || (c < b) is 1
(a != b) || (c < b) is 0
!(a != b) is 1
!(a == b) is 0

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 C Bitwise Operators
Operators Meaning of operators
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
~ Bitwise complement
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

Bitwise operators are used in C programming to perform

bit-level operations.
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 Bitwise AND
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 12, b = 25;
printf("Output = %d", a&b);
return 0;
}

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 Bitwise OR
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 12, b = 25;
printf("Output = %d", a|b);
return 0;
}

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 Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operator ^
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 12, b = 25;
printf("Output = %d", a^b);
return 0;
}

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 Bitwise complement operator ~
Bitwise compliment operator is an unary operator
(works on only one operand). It changes 1 to 0 and 0
to 1. It is denoted by ~.

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 C const keyword
The const keyword is used to define constant in C
programming.
const float PI=3.14;

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
const float PI=3.14;
printf("The value of PI is: %f",PI);
return 0;
}
output: The value of PI is: 3.140000
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 Try this
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
const float PI=3.14;
PI=4.5;
printf("The value of PI is: %f",PI);
return 0;
}
Output: Compile Time Error: Cannot modify a const object

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