PHYSICS

Reviewer:
ENGR. MARY EARL DARYL A. GRIO
Civil Engineering Department
PHYSICS

 SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENTS
 FORCES
 MOTION
 FORCE AND MOTION
 WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
 INTRODUCTION
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
 mks
 cgs
 fps
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Examples:
 12, 340, 000 N = 12.34 x 106
= 1.234 x 107
= 123.4 x 105
 0.000 000 05 g = 5x10-8 g
= 0.05x10-6g
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS

Power of Ten Prefix Abbreviation

10-6 micro 
10-3 milli m
10-2 centi c
103 kilo k
106 mega M
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
LENGTH:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 meter = 3.28ft = 39.37in = 100cm = 1000mm
1 mile = 5,280 ft = 1.609km
1 feet = 12in = 30.48 cm
1 km = 1000m
1 nautical mile = 1,852m
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
MASS: TIME:
1 lbm = 0.4536kg 1 hr = 60 min
1 US ton = 2000 lbm = 3600 sec
1 tonm = 2240 lbm 1 min = 60 sec
EXERCISES I
 COMPOSITION AND
RESOLUTION OF VECTORS
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
 VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
 Parallel or Non-concurrent Vectors
 Concurrent Vectors
 EQUILIBRIUM
 First Condition and Second Condition
 COUPLE
 CENTER OF GRAVITY
 SCALARS AND VECTORS
 Scalars  Vectors
 Mass  Weight
 Distance  Displacement
 Speed  Velocity

*scalars are added *sum of vectors is

as numbers called resultant
 VECTOR ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION
 Parallel Vectors
 add or subtract the magnitude of vectors.
 Concurrent Vectors
 For two vectors:
 parallelogram and triangle method
 For more than two vectors:
 Graphical method and analytical (component
method)
 EQUILIBRIUM
 First Condition of  Second Condition
Equilibrium: of Equilibrium:
 The vector sum of all the  The vector sum of all the
forces acting of the body moments acting of the
must be zero. body must be zero.

F  0 M  0
 COUPLE
 Two forces
 Parallel
 Equal in magnitude

 Opposite direction

 Their result is zero

 Does not produce translation only

rotation
 CENTER OF GRAVITY
 Thepoint in which the weight of the
object is seen to concentrated.

 Center of mass (for object w/ mass)

 Centroid (for plane figures)
EXERCISES II
 MOTION IN A PLANE
 VELOCITY
 ACCELERATION
 TYPES OF MOTION
 Uniform Motion
 Uniformly Accelerated Motion
 Accelerated Motion

 FREE-FALLING BODIES
 PROJECTILES
 VELOCITY
 Uniform velocity
 The displacements traversed by an object are
equal in equal intervals of time.
 Instantaneous velocity
 The velocity of an object at a particular point in
its path
 The direction of the velocity vector is the
same as that of the displacement vector.
 ACCELERATION
(time rate of change of velocity)
 Average Acceleration
 Acceleration of the body during the time when
the change in velocity occurred
 Instantaneous Acceleration
 Acceleration of a body at a particular instant
 The direction of acceleration is along the
direction of the change in velocity.
 CHANGE IN VELOCITY
 Change in speed
 Example: free-falling body
 Change in direction
 Example: rotating objects where rotating speed
is kept constant
 Change in both speed and direction
 Example: car accelerating or decelerating while
turning a curve
 UNIFORM MOTION
 Speed is constant
 Acceleration is zero

s V = velocity

V S = displacement

t t = time
 FREE-FALLING BODIES
 A body that moves under the action of its
weight alone
 Varying velocity (increases downward)
 Uniform acceleration ( “a” is constant)
 Acceleration value is always “g”= 9.81m/s2
 The acceleration of a body thrown upward
is always downward (negative)
FREE-FALLING BODIES
vi vf a
Released or dropped 0 Vf +g

Thrown upward with Vi Vf=0 -g

initial velocity, Vi (at max ht.)

Thrown downward with Vi Vf +g

initial velocity, Vi
FREE FALLING BODIES
2 2 Where:
2 gy  V f  Vi
g = 9.81m/s2
V f  Vi  gt y = height

1 2 Vf = final velocity
y  Vi t  gt Vi = initial velocity
2
t = time
 PROJECTILES
 Velocity has two components
 Along the horizontal axis, Vx
 Uniform motion
 Along the vertical axis, Vy
 Uniformly accelerated motion
 PROJECTILES
Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion
1 2
y  Vi y t  gt
2
x  Vx t 2
2 gy  V fy  Vi
2

V fy  Viy  gt
EXERCISES III
FORCE AND MOTION
 NEWTON’S LAWS OF
MOTION
 LAW OF UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
 FRICTION
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 1ST LAW: (Inertia Law)
 An object at rest will remain at rest
and an object in motion will continue
in motion with constant velocity. It
will accelerate only if an unbalanced
force acts on it.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 2nd LAW: (net F=ma)
 When there is a net force acting
on an object, the object
undergoes an acceleration in the
same direction as the force.
 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
 3rd LAW: (Law of Action and Reaction)

 For every force that is exerted on a

body, there is an equal but oppositely
directed force acting on some other
body.
 LAW OF UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
 Two masses of
m1m2
F G 2 masses m1 and m2
r attract each other
with forces of
Where:
F = attraction force in Newtons
equal magnitude.
G = 6.67x10-11 N-m2/kg2
m1, m2 = masses in kg
r = distance between mass centers (m)
 FRICTION FORCE
 Tangential force on a surface that opposes
the sliding of the surface across an
adjacent surface.
 Parallel to the surface in which the object is
in contact
 Independent of the surface area in contact
 Depends on the nature of the surface
 FRICTION FORCE

f  N
Where:
f = frictional force
= coefficient of friction (either static or kinetic)
N = normal force perpendicular to the surfaces in contact
EXERCISES IV
WORK, POWER & ENERGY
WORK
POWER
ENERGY
 WORK
 WORK is done only WORK is equal to the FORCE
when an applied COMPONENT IN LINE OF
ACTION multiplied by the
force causes the DISTANCE MOVED
displacement of a
particle or object.

Work  ( F )( S )
 ENERGY
 The property of a body or system of bodies
by virtue of which work can be performed.
 Can either be mechanical, heat, chemical,
sound, light, electrical, nuclear.
 Two categories of Mechanical Energy:
 Potential
 Kinetic
 POTENTIAL ENERGY
 The energy of a body by virtue of its
position.
Where:

PE  Wh PE = Potential Energy
W = weight
h = height

PE  mgh
m = mass
g = acceleration due to
gravity
 KINETIC ENERGY
 The energy of a body by virtue of its motion.

1 2 Where:

KE  mv
KE= Kinetic Energy
m = mass
2 v = speed
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The total amount of all forms of energy in any
isolated system remains constant.

Work done on a system minus work done by

the system is the increase in energy of the
system.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Work done on a system minus work done by the
system is the increase in energy of the system.

Work done on a system= ( F )( S )

(due to applied force)

( f )( S )
( f )( S )
Work done by the system=
(work against friction)

increase in energy= PE  KE
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Work done on a system minus work done by the
system is the increase in energy of the system.

( F )( S )  ( f )( S )  PE  KE
 POWER
 Time rate of doing work

Work
Power , P 
time
Note: 1 horsepower, hp = 746 watts = 550ft-lb/sec
EXERCISES V