Lecture 5: Modular

Programming (functions
– part 1
BJ Furman
27FEB2012
Learning Objectives
 Explain the concept of modular program design
 Explain the concept of a function in C
 Explain why functions are important in programming
 Explain the structure of a function
 Return data type
 Parameters
 Apply the concept of a function to a practical problem
 Explain how larger C programs should be structured
using .h and .c files
Modular Programming
 Break a large problem into smaller pieces
 Smaller pieces sometimes called ‘modules’ or
‘subroutines’ or ‘procedures’ or functions
 Why?
 Helps manage complexity
 Smaller blocks of code
 Easier to read

 Encourages re-use of code

 Within a particular program or across different programs
 Allows independent development of code
 Provides a layer of ‘abstraction’ a = sqrt(9.0);
Functions
 The ‘building blocks’ of a C program
 You’ve used predefined functions already:
 main()
 printf(), scanf(), pow()

 User-defined functions
 Your own code
 In combination with predefined functions
Functions - Mathematical View

f ( x)  x 2  2 x  3
What is f(2)?
f (2)  (2) 2  2(2)  3  4  4  3  11
 f (2) is 11

Returned
X Function value

2 f ( x) 11
Functions - Definition Structure
 Function 'header' type function_name (type arg1, type arg2 )
 Return data type
(if any) {
 Name statements;
 Descriptive }
 Arguments (or
parameter list)
 Notice: data type and A function that calculates the product of two numbers
name
double product(double x, double y)
 Statements
{
 Variable declaration double result;
 Operations
result = x * y;
 Return value (if any)
return result;
}
Functions - Example
 Function prototype #include <stdio.h>
 Like a variable declaration
 Tells compiler that the function will /* function prototype */
be defined later
double product(double x, double y);
 Helps detect program errors
 Note semicolon!!
int main()
 Function definition {
 See previous slide
 Note, NO semicolon
double var1 = 3.0, var2 = 5.0;
 Function return double ans;
 return statement terminates ans = product(var1, var2);
execution of the current function
printf("var1 = %.2f\n"
 Control returns to the calling
function "var2 = %.2f\n",var1,var2);
 if return expression; printf("var1*var2 = %g\n", ans);
 then value of expression is }
returned as the value of the
function call /* function definition */
 Only one value can be returned this
way double product(double x, double y)
 Function call {
 main() is the 'calling function' double result;
 product() is the 'called function'
 Control transferred to the function
result = x * y;
code return result;
 Code in function definition is }
executed
Function - Practice 1
Steps
 Write a function 1. Function header
named 'sum' • return data type
• function name
 sums two • argument list with data types
2. Statements in function definition
integers • variable declaration
 returns the sum • operations
• return value
 2 min. on your
own
 Share with
neighbor
Function - sum()
int sum_int(int x, int y)
{
int result;

result = x + y;
return result;
}
Functions that do not return a value
 Use the return type of void
 void my_fun( arg_list,…)
 Practice
 Write two functions, the first prints out first
name, and the second prints out last name
Function - Practice 2
Steps
 Program to print out two
1. Pseudocode for program logic
happy :) :) or sad faces : 2. Function header
( :( • return data type (if any)
 Continuously prompts for • function name
user input: • argument list with data types (if any)
 ) for happy face 3. Statements in function definition
 ( for sad face • variable declaration (if any)
• operations
 Quits if 'q' or 'Q' entered
• return value
 calls two functions
 happy_face()
 sad_face()
 Work in pairs
 Pseudocode first!!
 Divide tasks of writing
the two functions
Program - Faces logic
 Pseudocode
1. Declare and initialize variables
2. WHILE user input not equal to q AND not equal to Q
1) Switch on user input to
2) Case ')‘:
call happy_face();
break;
5) Case '(‘:
call sad_face();
break;
6) Case ‘q’:
7) Case ‘Q’:
break;
8) Case ‘0’:
9) Default:
re-prompt for user input
Program - Faces code
Structuring C Programs
 Modularization
 Breaking a program up into smaller pieces:
 Instead of:
 one_big_program.c
 break into groupings of header files (.h) and source code (.c) files:
 module_1.h
 module_1.c
 etc.
 Rationale
 separates the user-interface description (.h) from the nitty-
gritty details of implementation (.c)
 The Application Programming Interface (API), the .h file, is
distinct from the implementation, the .c file (which may already
be compiled and not readily viewed)
 Example: math.h from Ch
 can construct and test modules independently
 promotes re-use of code
Example: math.h used in Ch
 See C:/ Ch / include / math.h
 Declaration of constants
 #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846
 Declaration of macro subsitutions
 #define isgreater(x, y) ((x)>(y))
 Declaration of global variables (caution!)
 Function prototypes
 extern double sin(double x);
 Pertinent comments
Review
Structured Programming
 All programs can be written using these
control structures:
 Sequence
 Decision (three structures)
 IF
 IF-ELSE

 SWITCH

 Repetition (three structures)

 WHILE
 DO-WHILE

 FOR
Structure of a C program
 Ex. free_fall_d_vs_time.c
C Code for D&D 3.15c
Programmer’s block

Pre-processor directive

Main function (statements go between { } )

Declare and initialize

variables

While loop
(repetition structure)

return statement
Arithmetic with Integers and Mixed Data Types

 Arithmetic with integers

 Result is an integer
 1+1 --> 2
 4/2 --> 2
 2/4 --> ? BE CAREFUL!!!
 Arithmetic with mixed data types
 Automatic conversion of operand so that data types match
 Conversion is ‘upward’ in the sizeof() sense
 Example in Ch
char a = 7;
sizeof(a);
double b=3;
sizeof(b);
printf("a+b == %lf and needs %d bytes\n ", a+b,
sizeof(a+b));
References
 Modular Programming in C
http://www.icosaedro.it/c-modules.html
 math.h
http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007
908799/xsh/math.h.html