‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

Wastewater Engineering and Sanitation

Kandahar University

Engineering Faculty

Water and Environmental Engineering Department

Chapter # 3 Estimation of Quantity of Sewage

Lecturer: Eng. Bashir Ahmad Karimi

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CONTENTS
1. Introduction

2. Estimation of Dry Weather flow

3. Estimation of storm water flow

2
 INTRODUCTION

In order to design a sewer it is essential to know the total quantity of sewage or

waste water that would flow through the sewer.
• Must be estimated as correctly as possible

• Inadequate size causing the problem of over flow

• Over estimation of the quantity of the sewage increasing the cost

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 Introduction Cont.…
The sewage consists of the following two component
1. Dry weather flow
2. Storm water or rain water flow

1. Dry weather flow (D.W.F): is the flow that would available

throughout the year, during non-rainy as well as rainy seasons.

2. Storm water flow: Is the additional flow through the sewer that
would occur during the rainy season due to the rain fall.

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 ESTIMATION OF DRY WEATHER
FLOW
The dry weather flow include:
A. Domestic or sanitary sewage: or waste water which derived from
residential buildings, commercial, institutional and similar public
building such as office, schools, cinemas, hotels, station etc….

B. Industrial sewage: which obtained from manufacturing plants of

the industries …

C. Ground water infiltration: The sewer through the pipe joints and
other entry points.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY OF DRY
WEATHER FLOW
A. Rate of water supply
B. Population growth
C. Type of area served
D. Infiltration and exfiltration

A. Rate of water supply: It is evident that the considerable part of

the water supplied to the public through public water supply system
emerges as domestic or sanitary sewage.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY OF
DRY WEATHER FLOW CONT.…

1. Quantity of domestic or sanitary sewage produced depend on the rate of

water supply.

2. Quantity of domestic or sanitary sewage produced will be usually less than

the quantity of water supplied because, some quantity of water is lost in
consumption, evaporation, etc.

3. The quantity of domestic or sanitary sewage may be assumed to be equal to

about 70 to 80 % of the quantity of water supplied to the public through
public water supply system.
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8
FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY OF
DRY WEATHER FLOW CONT.…

The rate of water supply through public water supply system is not
constant, but it increases with increase in population.
Table 3.1 shows the variation in the rate of water supply and rate of
sewage produced with population.
Factors affecting the quantity of dry
weather flow cont.…

S.NO Population Rate of water supply Rate of sewage

l/d/c produced l/d/c
1 Up to 20 000 110 90

2 20 000 to 50 000 110 to 150 90 to 120

3 50 000 to 200 000 150 to 180 120 to 150

4 200 000 to 500 000 180 to 210 150 to 170

5 500 000 to 1000 000 210 to 240 170 to 190

6 Above 1000 000 240 to 270 190 to 200

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 B. POPULATION GROWTH

Water supply project and sewerage project is design to serve not only the present
population but also the prospective or future population which may occur at the
end of a reasonable period or as a design period.
1. Arithmetical increase method

2. Geometrical increase method

3. Incremental increase method

4. Changing rate of increase method

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B. POPULATION GROWTH CONT.…

5. Graphical method

6. Comparative method or Curvilinear method

7. Decreasing rate of growth method or Declining growth method

8. Logistic method

9. Zoning method

10. Ratio and correlation method

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 B. POPULATION GROWTH
CONT.…
If such information on population is not available than the
densities population as suggested in the manual on sewerage and
sewage treatment prepared by central public health and
environmental engineering organization may be adopted, which
are given in Table 3.2

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 B. POPULATION GROWTH CONT…
S.NO Size of town population Density of population
per hectare
1 Upon 5 000 75 to 150

2 5 000 to 20 000 150 to 250

3 20 000 to 50 000 250 to 300

4 50 000 to 100 000 300 to 350

5 Above 100 000 350 to 1000

• Floor space index (FSI) = 0.5

• Floor Area Ratio (FAR)= 9 m2
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 B. POPULATION GROWTH
CONT…
Assume that a particular development plan rules provide for the following
reservations for different land use.
Roads 20%

Gardens 15%

Schools (including play grounds) 6%

Market 2%

Hospital and Dispensary 2%

Total 45%

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B. POPULATION GROWTH CONT…

Area available for residential development = ( 100- 45) = 55%

Considering an area of 1 hectare (10 4 m2 )

Area available for residential development = (0.55* 10 4 ) m2

Actual total floor area for residences = (Area available for residential development)* FSI

Actual total floor area for residences = (0.55* 104)*0.5 = 2750 m2

= 2750/ 9 = 306 persons

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 B. POPULATION GROWTH CONT.…
Design period: Sewerage project are normally designed to meet the
requirements over a period of 30 years after their completion.
S.
NO COMPONENTS RECOMMENDED
DESIGN PERIOD IN CLARIFICATION
YEARS
1 Sewer network (Laterals; 30 Should be design for 30 years future population
Submains and mains)

2 Pumping station 30 Duplicating machinery within the pumping station will

(Civil Works) be economical for full design period

3 Pumping Machinery 15 Life of pumping machinery is generally 15 years

4 Sewage Treatment plant 30 Construction may be in phased manner as

initially the flows may not reach the design level

5 Effluent disposal and utilisation 30 Provision of design capacities in the initial stages
itself is economical 16
 C. Type of the area served

The quantity of the sewage or waste water produced from an area would

depend on whether the area to be served is residential, commercial, or

industrial.

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 D. INFILTRATION AND
EXFILTRATION
Some quantity of ground water or subsoil water may infiltrate into sewer through
defective joints, broken pipe and other similar entry point.
1. Depth of sewer

2. Length of sewer

3. Nature and type of soil through which sewers is laid

4. Sewer material

5. Care exercised in the construction of the sewer

6. Size of sewer
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 ESTIMATION OF STORM WATER QUANTITY

Factors Affecting the Quantity of Storm Water are:

1.Area of the catchment
2.Slope and shape of the catchment area
3.Porosity of the soil
4.Obstruction in the flow of water as trees, fields, gardens, etc.
5.Initial state of catchment area with respect to wetness.
6.Intensity and duration of rainfall
7.Atmospheric temperature and humidity
8.Number and size of ditches present in the area

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 MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL

The rainfall intensity could be measured by using rain gauges and

recording the amount of rain falling in unit time.

The rainfall intensity is usually expressed as mm/hour or cm/hour.

The rain gauges used can be manual recording type or automatic

recording rain gauges.

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METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF
QUANTITY OF STORM WATER
1. Rational Method

2. Empirical formulae method

Rational method
Storm water quantity can be estimated by rational method as below:

Storm water quantity, Q = C.I.A / 360

Where,
Q = Quantity of storm water, m3/sec

C = Coefficient of runoff

I = intensity of rainfall, mm/hour, and

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A = Drainage area in hectares
 Methods for Estimation of Quantity of Storm Water cont…

Q = 0.278 C.I.A
Where, Q is m3/sec; I is mm/hour, and A is area in square kilometer

Empirical Formulae :
 Empirical formulae are used for determination of runoff from very large area.

 Various empirical relationships are developed based on the past observations on specific site conditions
suiting a particular region.

 These empirical formulae can be used for prediction of storm water runoff for that particular catchment.

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 FULLER’S FORMULA

Q = C * M0.8 / 13.23
Where, S – Slope of the area, M- Drainage area in Sq.Km,
Time of concentration = Inlet time + time of travel

Inlet time: the time required for the rain in falling on the most remote point
of the tributary area to flow across the ground surface along the natural drains or
gutters up to inlet of sewer is called inlet time.

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 INLET TIME CONT…

Ti = [ 0.885 L3/H]0.385
Where,
Ti = Time of inlet, time

L = Length of overland flow in Kilometer from critical point to mouth of drain

H = Total fall of level from the critical point to mouth of drain, meter

Time of Travel: The time required by the water to flow in the drain channel
from the mouth to the point under consideration or the point of concentration is
called as time of travel.

Time of Travel (Tt) = Length of drain/ velocity in drain

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 INLET TIME CONT…

The frequency of storm for which the sewers are to be designed depends on the
importance Environmental engineering organization suggests the following
frequency of flooding.

Residential areas:
Peripheral areas: twice a year
Central and comparatively high priced areas: once a year
Commercial areas : once in 2 year

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 RUNOFF COEFFICIENT
The total precipitation falling on any area is dispersed as percolation,
evaporation, storage in ponds or reservoir and surface runoff.

The runoff coefficient depends upon the porosity of soil cover, wetness and
ground cover.

Overall runoff coefficient,

C = [A1.C1 + A2.C2 + ….+ An.Cn] / [ A1 + A2 + …+ An]

Where, A1, A2, …. are types of area with C1, C2, …. as their coefficient of
runoff, respectively. 26
RUNOFF COEFFICIENT CONT…

Typical values:
Lawns: 0.1 - 0.2

Roofs: 0.75 - 0.95

Streets: 0.70 - 0.95

Playgrounds: 0.20 - 0.35

Suburban areas: 0.25 - 0.40

Commercial areas: 0.70 - 0.95

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 EMPIRICAL FORMULAE FOR RAINFALL
INTENSITIES

These relationships between rainfall intensity and duration are developed based
on long experience in field Under Indian conditions, intensity of rainfall in design
is usually in the range 12 mm/h to 20 mm/h.

In general, the empirical relationship has the following forms:

I = a/ (t + b) OR I = b / tn

Where, a, b, and n are constants.

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 BRITISH MINISTRY OF
HEALTH FORMULA

I = 760 / (t + 10) (for storm duration of 5 to 20 minutes)

I = 1020 / (t + 10) (for storm duration of 20 to 100 minutes)

Where, I is intensity of rainfall, mm/h and t is duration of storm,

minutes. I = a/ (t + b) OR I = b / tn

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 EXAMPLE
Determine designed discharge for a combined system serving
population of 50000 with rate of water supply of 135 LPCD. The
catchment area is 100 hectares and the average coefficient of runoff
is 0.60. The time of concentration for the design rainfall is 30 min
and the relation between intensity of rainfall and duration is

I = 1000/(t + 20).

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 SOLUTION

A. Estimation of sewage quantity

Considering 80% of the water supplied will result in wastewater generation, the
quantity of sanitary sewage = 50000 x 135 x 0.80 = 5400 m3/day = 0.0625
m3/sec

Considering peak factor of 2.5, the design discharge for sanitary sewage =
0.0625 x 2.5 = 0.156

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 SOLUTION CONT…
B. Estimation of storm water discharge:
Intensity of rainfall, I = 1000/(t + 20)

Therefore, I = 1000/(30 + 20) = 20 mm/h

Hence, storm water runoff, Q = C.I.A/360

= 0.6 x 20 x 100/(360) = 3.33 m/sec

Therefore, design discharge for combined sewer = 3.33 + 0.156 = 3.49 m/sec

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 EXAMPLES 2
The catchment area is of 300 hectares. The surface cover in the
catchment can be classified as given below:
Type of cover Coefficient of runoff Percentage
Roofs 0.90 15
Pavements and yards 0.80 15
Lawns and gardens 0.15 25
Roads 0.40 20
Open ground 0.10 15
Single family dwelling 0.50 10

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 EXAMPLES 2 CONT…

Calculate the runoff coefficient and quantity of storm water runoff, if

intensity of rainfall is 30 mm/h for rain with duration equal to time of
concentration. If population density in the area is 350 persons per
hectare and rate of water supply is 200 LPCD, calculate design
discharge for separate system, partially separate system, and combined
system.

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 SOLUTION
1. Estimation of storm water discharge for storm water
drain of separate system
Overall runoff coefficient C = [A1.C1 + A2.C2 + ….+ An.Cn ] / [ A1 + An]

= (0.15 x 0.90 + 0.15 x 0.80 + 0.25 x 0.15 + 0.20 x 0.4 + 0.15 x 0.1 + 0.10 x 0.5)

0.15 + 0.15 + 0.25 + 0.20 + 0.15 + 0.10 = 0.44

Therefore quantity of storm water, Q = C.I.A/360

= 0.44 x 30 x 300/360

= 11 m/sec 35
 SOLUTION CONT…

2. Estimation of sewage discharge for separate system sanitary sewer

Quantity of sanitary sewage = 300 x 350 x 200 x 0.80 = 16800 m 3/day = 0.194 m/sec

Considering peak factor of 2, the design discharge for sanitary sewers

= 0.194 x 2 = 0.389m3/sec

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 SOLUTION CONT…

3. Estimation of discharge for partially separate system:

Storm water discharge falling on roofs and paved courtyards will be added
to the sanitary sewer. This quantity can be estimated as:
Average coefficient of runoff = (0.90 x 45 + 0.80 x 45) / 90 = 0.85
Discharge = 0.85 x 30 x 90 / 360 = 6.375 m3/sec
Therefore total discharge in the sanitary sewer of partially separate system
= 6.375 + 0.389 =6.764m3/sec and
the discharge in storm water drains = 11 – 6.375 = 4.625 m/sec

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INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
Please solve the problems of the previous chapters
SUBMIT BEFORE NEXT LECTURE

Fake assignment is strictly prohibited

You have to submit in Google classroom
4z23gdl is your Google classroom code

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 ?
Thank you
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