Programming Fundamentals

Department of CS&IT

Variable and Operators

 Multiple Print() statement in python
print("Hello ”)
print(“Python ”)
print(“World”)
print(“Sir Syed
”+”University”)
Output
Hello
Python
World
Sir Syed
Using end= option in print() statement
end= in print() statement prints upcoming text
on the same line rather than printing on the
newline.
print("Hello”,end=“”
) print(“Python”)
print(“World”)

Output
HelloPytho
n World
 Comments in Python
 Comments are use for documentation and
better understand of source in native language
Single Line Comments in Python
# Prints Hello Python World on to
screen print("Hello Python world!!!")
Multi-Line Comments in Python
Triple double quotations (“””) or Triple single
quotations (‘’’) can be
use for Multi-Line comment in python
You can comment multiple lines as follows −
“”” ‘’’
Comments Comments
“”” ‘’’
4
Escape Sequences in Python
Escape Sequences are use for formatting text
in print() statement.
Type of escape sequences are \n,\t,\b,\r,\’,\”
print(“Hello\nWorld”)
Hello
World
print(“Hello\tWorld”) >> Hello World (8 spaces)
print(“Hello\bWorld”) >> HellWorld (one space back)
print(“Hello \’World\’ ”) >> Hello ‘World’ (single quote)
print(“Hello \”World\” “) >> Hello “World”(double quotes)
(N5 OTE:These escape sequences can be use in end= option in
Python Literals
 Literalscan be defined as the data is given to
the variables and constants
 There are many types of Literal in the
Python:
 Numeric Literals
 String literals
 Boolean literals
 Special literals

6
Numeric Literals
 Numeric Literals are
immutable(unchangeable).
 Numeric literals can belong to 3 different
numerical types:
integer , float , complex
Example: how to use Numeric
literals in Python
a = 0b1010 #Binary
Literals
b = 103 #Decimal Literal

#Float Literal
 float_1 = 10.5
 float_2 = 1.5e2
#Complex
Literal
 x = 3.14j
String literals
A string literal is a sequence of characters
surrounded by quotes.
 We can use both single, double or
triple quotes for a string.
 A character literal is a single character
surrounded by single or double
quotes.
Example: how to use String literals
in Python
 strings = “This is Python”
 char = "C"
 multiline_str = """This is a multiline string
with
more than one line code.""“
Boolean literals
A Boolean literal can have any of the
two values:True or False.
 Example: How to use Boolean literals in
Python:
Special literals
 Python contains one special literal i.e. None.
We use it to specify that the field has not
been created.
 Example: How to use Special literals in
Python:
 Variable:
 Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to
store values.
 This means that when you create a variable you reserve
some space in memory.
Rules for Python variables:
 A variable name must start with a letter or the
underscore character
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters
and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are
three different variables)
 In computer programming CamelCase or camelCase is
often used as a naming convention for naming compound
words variables, arrays, and other elements e.g maxNumber or
MaxNumber, midTerm or MidTerm, fullName, FullName.
Assigning Values to Variables
 Python variables do not need obvious
declaration to reserve memory
space.
 The declaration happens automatically when
you assign a value to a variable.
 The equal sign (=) is used to assign values
to variables.
variable_name = assign value(Literals)
E.g. : number = 10
name = “John”
Example
#Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"

#Illegal variable names:

2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var =
"John"
Reserved words
 You can not use reserved words as
variable names / identifiers.
and , del ,for , is , raise , assert , elif ,
from lambda , return , break , else ,
global , not , try ,class , except ,
if , or ,while Continue, exec, import ,
pass, yield,def , finally, in , print

RQ 18
Multiple variables in one line
 You can assign the same value to multiple
variables in one line:
Example:
 x = y = z = "Orange "

x,y,z = " Orange " , " Banana " , " Apple

" print(x)
print(y
)
print(z)
RQ 19
Constants
 A constant is a type of variable whose value cannot
be changed.

Assigning value to a constant:

 Constants are usually declared and assigned on a module,
module means a new file containing variables, functions etc.
which is imported to main file. Or also declared same existing
file.

Example: Declaring and assigning value to a constant

#Create a constant.py
 PI = 3.14
 GRAVITY = 9.8
Example
 Objective: Compute the area of a
circle.= 3
radius # Assign 3 to variable radius
PI=3.14 # declare a constant

#compute the area

area = PI * (radius * radius)

#Display result
print("The area of circle is" ,area,” sq cm”)
Python Data Types
 In programming, data type is an
important concept.
 Variables can store data of different types,
and different types can do different things.
 Python has the following data types built-in by
default, in these categories:
Text Type: str
Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Boolean Type: bool
Getting the Data Type
 You can get the data type of any object
by using the type() function:
Example:
#Print the data type of the variable
x: x = 5
print(type(x))
Operators
 Operators are used to perform operations on
variables and values.
Python divides the operators in the
following groups:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Membership operators
 Bitwise operators
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric
values to perform common mathematical
operations:
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y

% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiation x ** y

// Floor division x // y
Relational/Comparison operators
 Comparison operators are used to
compare two values:
Operator Name Example

== Equal x==y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or x >= y

equal to
<= Less than or equal to x <= y
Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used to
combine conditional statements:
Operator Name Example

and Return True if x < 5 and x < 10

both statements are true
or Return True if one of the x < 5 or x < 4
statements is true
not Reverse the result, returns not (x<5 and x< 10)
False if the result is true
Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators are used to
assign values to variables:
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x= x+3
-= x -= 3 x= x-3
*= x *= 3 x= x*3
/= x /= 3 x= x/3
%= x %= 3 x= x%3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
Scientific Notation
 Floating-point literals can also be specified
in scientific notation, for example,
 1.23456e+2, same as 1.23456e2, is
equivalent to 123.456, and
 1.23456e-2 is equivalent to 0.0123456.
E (or e) represents an exponent and it can
be either in lowercase or uppercase.

RQ 29
Arithmetic Expressions
3  4 x 10( y  5)(a  b  c) 4 9 
  9( 
x
)
5 x x y

is translated to

(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

Order of Evaluation
 When we string operators together - Python
must know which one to do first
 This is called “operator precedence”
 Which operator “takes precedence” over
the others.
x = 1 + 2 * 3 - 4 / 5 ** 6

RQ 31
Operators Precedence Rules
• Highest precedence rule to
lowest precedence rule
• Parenthesis are always respected Parenthesis
Power
• Exponentiation (raise to a power) Multiplication
Addition
• Multiplication, Division, and Left to Right
Remainder
• Addition and Subtraction
• Left to right
1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5

1+8/4*5 Parenthesis
Power
Multiplication
Addition
1+2*5 Left to Right

1 + 10

11 >>> x = 1 + 2 ** 3 / 4 * 5
>>> print(x)
11
>>>
Exercise (Homework)
Perform the following with Operators
Precedence Rules:
i) 3 + 4 * 4 + 5 * (4 + 3) – 1
ii) 2 * 2 - 3 > 2 or 4 – 2 > 5
iii) 2 % 2 + 2 * 2 - 2 / 2