Programming Fundamentals

Department of CS&IT

Formatted input/output
 Why taking user inputs?
🞂 ​ Developers often have a need to interact with
users, either to get data or to provide some
sort of result.

🞂 ​ Most programs today use a dialog box as a way

of asking the user to provide some type of
input.

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Formatted I/O
🞂​ Formatted output converts the internal
binary representation of the data to ASCII
characters which are written to the output file.
🞂 ​ Formatted input reads characters from the input
file and converts them to internal form.
🞂 ​ Formatted input/output is very portable. It is
a simple process to move formatted data files
to various computers, even computers
running different operating systems, if they all use
the ASCII character set.
🞂​ print() and input() are examples for
formatted input and output functions.
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Reading Input From the Keyboard
🞂 ​ Programs often need to obtain data from the
user, usually by way of input from the
keyboard.
🞂 ​ The simplest way to accomplish this in Python
is with input().
input([<prompt>])
“Reads a line of input from the keyboard”
🞂 ​ input() pauses program execution to allow the
user to type in a line of input from the keyboard.
Once the user presses the Enter key, all characters
typed are read and returned as a string.
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Example#1:
🞂 ​ name=input('What is your
name?') “name” is a variable
“input()” is a formatted function
('What is your name?') is a prompt or
passing string.
Output:
>>> %Run EX1.py
What is your name?XYZ
>>>

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Example#2:how to display input value
#Description: Program to check
input #Taking input from user
num = input('Enter a number: ')
#Display input value using
Print() print("Input
number:“ ,num)

Output:
>>> %Run EX2.py
Enter a number:
2 Input number:
2
>>> 6
Typecasting in Python
🞂 ​ input()always returns a string. If you want
a numeric type, then you need to convert
the string to the appropriate type with the
int(), float(), or complex() built-in
functions.This is called typecasting.

🞂 ​ Typecastingis when you convert a

variable value from one data type to
another.

7
value = 5.6
int(value)
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value = 5.6
round(value)
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name=“programming"
print(name.upper())
name="programming "
print(name.lower())
name=" programming "
print(name.title())
string="15"
number=7
string_number=int(string)
sum=number+string_number
print("the sum is :", sum)
Ans:???
For Float Value precision
n=12.123456789
print ("value is: ", n)
print("upto 2 decimal places: % .2f" %n)
OR
You can use format()
Try it ur self
print("upto 2 decimal places:",
format(n,".2f"))
Example 3: Typecasting
🞂 ​n = input('Enter a number: ')
🞂 ​ print(n +
100) Output:
🞂 ​ Enter a
number: 50
🞂 ​ Traceback
(most recent
call last):
🞂 ​ File
"<stdin>", line
1, in <module>
🞂 ​ TypeError:
must be str, not
int 1
1
Taking multiple inputs from user in Python

🞂 ​ Developer often wants a user to

enter multiple values or inputs in one
line.

🞂 ​ In C++/C user can take multiple inputs in

one line using scanf() but in Python user can
take multiple values or inputs in one line by
the method called split() method.

RQ 9
Split() method
🞂 ​ This function helps in getting a multiple
inputs from user. It breaks the given input by
the specified separator.
Syntax :
input().split(separator)
# Description: Python program
showing how to multiple input using split
# Taking two inputs at a time
x, y = input("Enter a two
value: ").split() # Display inputs
print("Number of
boys: ", x) print("Number
of girls: ", y) 13
Displaying Output/Formatted output
🞂 ​ The
print() function prints the
specified message to the screen.

🞂​The message can be a string, or any

other object, the object will be
converted into a string before written
to the screen.
Syntax:
print(object(s), sep=separator, end=end,
file=file, flush=flush)
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Print()
print() Parameters:
🞂 ​ objects - object to the printed. * indicates
that there may be more than one object
🞂 ​ sep - objects are separated by sep.
Default value: ' '
🞂 ​ end - end is printed at last
🞂 ​ file - must be an object with write(string)
method. If omitted it, sys.stdout will be
used which prints objects on the screen.
🞂 ​ flush - If True, the stream is forcibly
flushed. Default value: False
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Example 4: using print()
🞂 ​ Printmore than one
object: print("Hello", "how
are you?")
🞂 ​ Three objects are passed:
a=4
b=a
pri
nt('
a
=',
a,
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Example 4: using print()
🞂 ​ print()
with separator and end
parameters: a = 5
print("a =", a, sep='0000', end='\n\n')
print("a =", a, sep='0', end='')

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Output Stream Keyword Arguments
print() accepts two additional keyword arguments, both of
which affect handling of the output stream:

🞂 ​ file=<stream>:
By default, print() sends its output to a
default stream called sys.stdout, which is usually equivalent
to the console.The file=<stream> argument causes output to
be sent to an alternate stream designated by <stream>
instead.

🞂 ​ flush=True: Ordinarily, print() buffers its output and only

writes to the output stream intermittently. flush=True
specifies that the output stream is forcibly flushed with each
print()
🞂 ​ These two keyword arguments are presented here for 18
Eval()
🞂 ​ The eval() method parses the
expression passed to this method and
runs python expression (code) within
the program.
🞂 ​ Syntax:
eval(expression, globals=None,
locals=None)
🞂​
Example
:x = 1
19
print(eval(
Example 5: Take three input as integers and
displays their average using eval()
🞂​ #Description: Prompt the user to enter
three numbers
number1 = eval(input("Enter the first number:
")) number2 = eval(input("Enter the second
number: "))
number3 = eval(input("Enter the third number:
"))
🞂 ​ # Compute average
average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3
🞂 ​ # Display result
print("The average of", number1,
number2, number3, "is",round(average))
RQ 17
Practice Question:
🞂 ​ Whathappens if the user enters 5a
when executing the following code?
radius = eval(input("Enter a radius:
"))

Answer written in words?

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Practice Question:
🞂​ Write a program that reads a Celsius
degree from the console and converts it to
Fahrenheit and displays the result.The
formula for the conversion is as follows:
🞂 fahrenheit = (9 / 5) * celsius + 32
🞂 Here is a sample run of the
🞂 program: Enter a degree in
🞂 Celsius:43
43 Celsius is 109.4 Fahrenheit
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Data Types
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] // List
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") //Tuple
x = range(6) // Range
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} // Dict