Microprocessors

History of Microprocessors
Objective:
• Briefly detail the history of the computer and list
of applications performed by computer systems.

▫ Mechanical Age
▫ Electrical Age
▫ Microprocessor Age
Microprocessor history
• The history of the micro from the
vacuum tube to today's dual-core
multithreaded madness…..
Microprocessor history
• The evolution of the modern
microprocessor is one of many surprising
twists and turns.
• Who invented the first micro?
• Who had the first 32-bit single-chip
design?
Mechanical Age
Year Invention Inventor
500 BC Abacus Babylonians
1642 Calculator – Blaise Pascal
constructed with gears
ands wheels
1801 Jacquard’s Loom – Joseph Jacquard
uses punch cards as
input to a weaving
machine
Difference Engine Charles Babbage
Analytical Engine Charles Babbage ,
Augusta Ada Byron
Electrical Age
• At the dawn of the 19th century, Benjamin
Franklin's discovery of the principles of
electricity were still fairly new, and practical
applications of his discoveries were few -- the
most notable exception being the lightning rod,
which was invented independently by two
different people in two different places.
Electrical Age
Year Invention Inventor
1889 Hollerith Cards - Herman Hollerith –
Punched card for storing formed the Tabulating
data Machine Company
1936 Mechanical Computer Konrad Zuse
1939 Electromechanical Konrad Zuse
Computer System
(Z2)
1941 Electronic Konrad Zuse
Calculating Machine
(Z3)
Electrical Age
Year Invention Inventor
1943 Colossus – first Alan Turing
electronic computing
system which uses
vacuum tubes
1946 Electronic Numerical
Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC) –
first modern / general
purpose, programmable
electronic computer
system
1947 Transistor John Bardeen, William
Shockley, Walter
Brattain
Electrical Age
Year Invention Inventor
1958 Integrated Circuit Jack Kilby
(IC)
Early 1970’s Bomar Brain – small Bomar Corporation
hand-held electronic
calculator.
Programming Advancements
• Machine Language
▫ Uses binary codes and stored in computers as
instructions / programs.
• John von Neuman
▫ First person to develop a system that accepts
instructions and stored them in a memory.
• Grace Hopper
▫ Developed the first high level programming
language (FLOWMATIC) in 1957
Programming Advancements
• FORTRAN (Formula Translator)
▫ Developed by IBM in 1957
▫ this language allowed programmers to developed
programs that used formulas to solve
mathematical problems.
• ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
▫ Developed in 1958
• COBOL (Computer Business Oriented Language)
▫ First truly successful and widespread
programming language for business applications
Programming Advancements
• RPG (Report Program Generator)
▫ Allows programming by specifying the form of the
input, output and calculations.
• BASIC
▫ Said to be the easiest programming language to
learn.
▫ Was designed as teaching language.
• PASCAL
▫ Named in honor of Blaise Pascal, and is also used
as teaching language.
Programming Advancements
• Visual BASIC
▫ A new version of BASIC, made the programming
in Windows environment easier.
• C/C++
▫ Commonly used in scientific community and
appeared as control programs.
Microprocessor Age
Three groups lay claim for having been the first to
put a computer in a chip:

• Central Air Data Computer (CADC)

• Intel® 4004
• Texas Instruments TMS 1000
Central Air Data Computer (CADC)
• The CADC system was completed for the Navy's
"TomCat" fighter jets in 1970. It is often
discounted because it was a chip set and not a
CPU.
Texas Instruments TMS 1000
• The TI TMS 1000 was first to market in
calculator form, but not in stand-alone form.
4-Bit Microprocessor
Intel® 4004
• World’s first microprocessor
• released (single 4-bit all-purpose chip), in
November 1971.
• Addressed 4096, 4-bit-wide memory locations.
• It had a clock speed of 108KHz and 2,300
transistors with ports for ROM, RAM, and I/O.
• Originally designed for use in a calculator, Intel
had to renegotiate its contract to be able to
market it as a stand-alone processor.
• 50 kilo-instructions per seconds.
8-Bit Microprocessor
Intel® 8008
• The first 8-bit microprocessor.
• Its primary claim to fame is that its ISA, was to
form the basis for the 8080, as well as for the
later 8086.
• Has an expanded memory size (16K x 8) and
additional instructions (a total of 48) in this
new microprocessor provided the opportunity
for many more advanced applications.
Intel® 8080
• The first modern 8-bit microprocessors. (1973)
• Is generally considered to be the first truly
usable microprocessor.
• The 8080 had a 16-bit address bus and an 8-bit
data bus, a 16-bit stack pointer to memory which
replaced the 8-level internal stack of the 8008,
and a 16-bit program counter.
Special about the 8080
• 8080 addressed four times more memory.
▫ 64K bytes vs l6K bytes for 8008
• Executed additional instructions; 10x faster.
▫ addition taking 20 μs on an 8008-based system
required only 2.0 μs on an 8080-based system
• TTL (transistor-transistor logic) compatible.
▫ the 8008 was not directly compatible
• Interfacing made easier and less expensive.
Special about the 8080
• The MITS Altair 8800, was released in 1974.
▫ number 8800 probably chosen to avoid copyright
violations with Intel
• BASIC language interpreter for the Altair 8800
computer developed in 1975.
▫ Bill Gates and Paul Allen, founders of Microsoft
Corporation
• The assembler program for the Altair 8800 was
written by Digital Research Corporation.
▫ once produced DR-DOS for the personal computer
Other early 8-bit MPU’s
Manufacturer Part Number
Fairchild F-8
Intel 8080
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola MC6800
National Semiconductor IMP-8
Rockwell International PPS-8
Zilog Z8
Intel® 8085
• The updated version of the 8080. (1977)
• The last 8-bit general purposed microprocessors
developed by Intel.
• The most successful among the 8-bit general
purpose microprocessor.
Main advantages of 8085
• Internal clock generator and system controller
• higher clock frequency
• Intel has sold over 100 million of the 8085.
Info:
• Only Intel and Motorola continue to create new,
improved microprocessors.
▫ IBM also produces Motorola-style
microprocessors
• Motorola sold its microprocessor division.
▫ now called Freescale Semiconductors, Inc.
• Zilog still manufactures microprocessors.
▫ microcontrollers and embedded
controllersinstead of general-purpose
microprocessors
16-Bit Microprocessor
Intel® 8086
• Released in 1978.
• Is the first member of x86 family of processors.
• Advertised as a "source-code compatible" with
Intel 8080 and Intel 8085 processors, the 8086
was not object code compatible with them.
• The 8086 has complete 16-bit architecture - 16-
bit internal registers, 16-bit data bus, and 20-bit
address bus (1 MB of physical memory).
Intel® 8088
• Was released in 1979, or one year after the Intel
8086 CPU.
• Both processors have the same architecture, and
the only difference of the 8088 CPU from the
8086 is the external data bus width - it was
reduced from 16 bits to 8 bits.
Intel® 80286
• Also a 16 bit architecture microprocessor.
• Was almost identical to the 8086 and 8088,
except it addressed a 16M-byte memory system.
• Speed was increased to eightfold compared to
the 8086/8088 due to changes in the internal
execution.
32-Bit Microprocessor
Intel® 80386
• The first practical 32-bit processor which
contains 32-bit data bus and 32-bit memory
address. (1986)
• Created to answer demands in faster
microprocessor speed, more memory and wider
data paths. (GUI, CAD, etc.)
• Instruction set of 80386 was upward compatible
with 8086, 8088 and 80286.
Intel® 80486
• Released in 1989.
• Incorporated an 80386-like microprocessor, an
80387-like numeric microprocessor, and an 8K-
byte cache memory system into one integrated
package.
• Other versions of the 80486 were called
Overdrive processors (actually a double clocked
version of the 80486DX)
Pentium Microprocessors
Pentium Microprocessors
• Introduced in 1993, was similar to the 80386
and 80486 processors.
• Originally labeled the P5 or 80586.
• Contains 8K instruction cache and 8K data
cache.
• Data bus increased to 64 bits.
• Features the most ingenious dual integer
processor.
Pentium Pro Microprocessors
• Formerly named P6 microprocessors.
• Contains 21 million transistors, three integer
units to increase performance of software.
• Uses three execution engines, therefore it can
execute three instructions at a time.
• Launched for the server market.
Pentium II Microprocessors
• Released in 1997.
• Placed on a small circuit board called the
Pentium II Module.
Pentium II Microprocessors
• Released in 1997.
• Placed on a small circuit board called the
Pentium II Module.
Xeon
• A new version of Pentium II released in the mid-
1998.
• Specifically designed for high end workstation
and server applications.
• The main difference is that Xeon is available in
L1 cache of 32K-bytes and an L2 cache of 512K,
1M or 2M-bytes.
Pentium III Microprocessors
• A P6 or Pentium Pro processor but uses a faster
core that the Pentium II.
• Available in clock frequency of up to 1GHz.
Pentium 4 Microprocessors
• Was first made available in late 2000.
• Still uses the P6 architecture.
• Available in speeds up to 3.2 GHz and faster.
• The chip set that supports Pentium 4 uses
RAMBUS or DDR memory technology.
• Shifted from aluminum to copper in
interconnections to increased clock frequencies
in the future.
Core2 Microprocessors
• Core2 is available at speeds of up to 3 GHz.
▫ improvement in internal integration, at present the 0.045
micron or 45 nm technology
• A likely change is a shift from aluminum to copper
interconnections inside the microprocessor.
• Copper is a better conductor.
▫ should allow increased clock frequencies
▫ especially true now that a method for using copper has
surfaced at IBM
• Another event to look for is a change in the speed of the
front side bus.
▫ increase beyond current maximum 1033 MHz
Pentium 4 and Core2, 64-bit and
Multiple Core Microprocessors
• Recent modifications to Pentium 4 and Core2
include a 64-bit core and multiple cores.
• 64-bit modification allows address of over 4G
bytes of memory through a 64-bit address.
▫ 40 address pins in these newer versions allow up
to 1T (terabytes) of memory to be accessed
• Also allows 64-bit integer arithmetic.
▫ less important than ability to address more
memory
Pentium 4 and Core2, 64-bit and
Multiple Core Microprocessors
• Biggest advancement is inclusion of multiple
cores.
▫ each core executes a separate task in a program
• Increases speed of execution if program is
written to take advantage of multiple cores.
▫ called multithreaded applications
• Intel manufactures dual and quad core versions;
number of cores will likely increase to eight or
even sixteen.
Pentium 4 and Core2, 64-bit and
Multiple Core Microprocessors
• Multiple cores are current solution to providing
faster microprocessors.
• Intel recently demonstrated Core2 containing 80
cores, using 45 nm fabrication technology.
• Intel expects to release an 80-core versionsome
time in the next 5 years.
• Fabrication technology will become slightly
smaller with 35 nm and possibly 25 nm
technology.
Intel Microprocessor Core (P) versions
Core (P) version Microprocessor
P1 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188
P2 80286
P3 80386
P4 80486
P5 Pentium
P6 Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III,
Pentium 4
List of Intel Microprocessors
Part Number Data Bus Width Memory Size
8048 8 2K internal
8051 8 8K internal
8085A 8 64K
8086 16 1M
8088 8 1M
8096 16 8K internal
80186 16 1M
80188 8 1M
80251 8 16K internal
80286 16 16M
80386EX 16 64M
List of Intel Microprocessors
Part Number Data Bus Width Memory Size
80386DX 32 4G
80386SL 16 32M
80386SLC 16 32M+8K Cache
80386SX 16 16M
80486DX/DX2 32 4G + 8K Cache
80486SX 32 4G + 8K Cache
80486DX4 32 4G + 16K Cache
Pentium 64 4G + 16K Cache
Pentium Overdrive 32 4G + 16K Cache
Pentium Pro 64 64G + 16K L1 Cache +
256K L2 Cache
List of Intel Microprocessors
Part Number Data Bus Width Memory Size
Pentium II 64 64G + 32K L1 Cache +
256K L2 Cache
Pentium III 64 64G + 32K L1 Cache +
256K L2 Cache
Pentium 4 64 64G + 8K L1 Cache +
512K L2 Cache (0r
larger)
List of Motorola Microprocessors
Part Number Data Bus Width Memory Size
6800 8 64K
6805 8 2K
6809 8 64K
68000 16 16M
68008D 8 4M
68008Q 8 1M
68010 16 16M
68020 32 4G
68030 32 4G+256 Cache
68040 32 4G+8K Cache
68050 32 Proposed, but never
released
List of Motorola Microprocessors
Part Number Data Bus Width Memory Size
68060 64 4G+16K Cache
PowerPC 64 4G+32K Cache
END