Analog Communication-Day 5, 30-05-

2020

Presentation Outline
Angle Modulation:
– Comparison of
NBFM with WBFM
– Generation of FM
waves
– Demodulation of
FM waves
– Problems

30-05-2020 Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 2

 Learning Outcomes

• At the end of this Session, Student will be able to:

• LO 1 : Demonstrate the generation and demodulation of angle
modulated waves
• LO 2 : Compare NBFM with WBFM

30-05-2020 Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 3

 Angle Modulation
Definition:
The modulation in which, the angle of the carrier wave is
varied according to the baseband signal.
• An important feature of this modulation is that it can provide
better discrimination against noise and interference than
amplitude modulation.
• An important feature of Angle mod. is that it can provide
better discrimination against noise and distortion
• Complexity Vs. Noise and interference Tradeoff
• Two types:
• Phase modulation
• Frequency Modulation
 Angle Modulation
• The angle modulated wave can be expressed
as (1)

where denotes the angle of a modulated

sinusoidal carrier and is the
carrier
A complete oscillation
amplitude. occurschanges by 2π radians.
whenever
• If increases monotonically with time, the
average frequency in Hertz, over an interval from t to t+ Δt, is
given by

• We may therefore define the instantaneous frequency of

the angle modulated signal s(t) as follows
• Thus according to the equation (1), we may interpret the angle
modulated signal s(t) as a rotating phasor of length Ac and
angle
• The angular velocity of such a phasor measured in
is per second, in accordance with equation (3).
radians
• In the simple case of an unmodulated carrier,
the angle is

and the corresponding phasor rotates with a constant angular

velocity equal to
The constant is the value of at t=0.
• There are an infinite number of ways in which the angle is
varied in some manner with the message (baseband) signal.
However, we shall consider two commonly used methods.

i. Phase Modulation (PM)

ii. Frequency Modulation (FM)
 i. Phase Modulation (PM):
PM is that form of angle modulation in which the angle
is varied linearly with the message signal m(t), as shown by

• The term represents the angle of the unmodulated

carrier and the constant represents the phase sensitivity
of
the modulator , rad/V.

• The phase modulated signal s(t) is thus described in the time

domain by
Phase Modulation (PM)
 ii. Frequency Modulation:
FM is that form of angle modulation in
instantaneous frequency which the is varied linearly with
signal m(t), as shown the message
by

The term represents the frequency of the

unmodulated carrier and the constant represents the frequency
sensitivity of the modulator, Hz/V.
• The frequency modulated signal s(t) is thus described in the
time domain by
Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Summ
ary
Definition: Instantaneous frequency is  (t) 
d
(t)dt

Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

t

Angle  (t)  C t  kpm(t)  (t)  C t  k f  m( )

d

Frequency dm(t)
  k
i C p
dt i  C  k f m(t)
 Relationship between Phase Modulation
(PM) and Frequency Modulation (FM)

Modulating Phase
Signal Integrator FM Wave
Modulator

Fig (a): FM wave generation using Phase Modulator

Modulating Frequency
Differentiator PM Wave
Signal
Modulator

Fig (b): PM wave generation using Frequency Modulator

Single tone FM:
Consider a sinusoidal modulating signal defined by

The instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is

where
The quantity is called frequency deviation , representing
the maximum departure of the instantaneous frequency of the
FM signal from the carrier frequency
• The angle of the FM signal is

• The ratio of frequency deviation to the

modulating frequency is commonly called as modulation
index of the FM signal. We denote it by β
β=
Frequency Modulation
 i. Narrowband Frequency Modulation:

Generation of NBFM:

Figure: Block diagram of a method for generating a Narrow Band FM signal

Wide-band FM
Figure: Plots of Bessel functions of the first kind for varying orders
 WBFM Contd.,

Bessel function properties:

1. for all n, both positive and

negative
2. For small values of modulation index β, we have

3.
 WBFM Contd.,
• The spectrum of an FM signal contains a carrier component
and an infinite set of side frequencies located symmetrically on
either side of the carrier at frequency separations of , 2 ,…
In this respect, the result is unlike that which prevails in an
AM system, since in an AM system a sinusoidal modulating
signal gives rise to only one pair of side frequencies.
 WBFM Contd.,
• For the special case of β small compared with unity, only the
Bessel coefficients and have significant values, so that the
FM signal is effectively composed of a carrier and a single
pair of side frequencies at
• The of the component varies with β
amplitude to . That
according carrier
is, unlike an AM signal, the amplitude of
the carrier component of an FM signal is dependent on the
modulation index β. The physical explanation for this property
is that the envelope of an FM signal is constant, so that the
average power of such a signal developed across a 1-ohm
resistor is also constant, as shown by

The average power of the FM signal is

 Comparison between NBFM and WBFM
S.No Parameter NBFM WBFM
1 Modulation Less than 1 Greater than 1
Index
2 Maximum 5 kHz 75 kHz

Deviation
3 Range of 20 Hz to 3 kHz 20 Hz to 15 kHz
modulating
frequency
4 Bandwidth Small approximately Large and greater than
same as that of AM BW that of NBFM.
= 2fm BW = 2(Δf+fm)

5 Applications FM mobile Entertainment

communication like broadcasting (can be
police wireless, used for high quality
ambulance, short range music transmission)
ship to shore
communication etc.
 Generation of FM Signals
• There essentially two basic methods of generating
frequency
are modulated signals, namely
i. Direct FM (Parameter Variation Method)
ii. Indirect FM (Armstrong’s)

• In the direct method the carrier frequency is directly varied in

accordance with the input baseband signal, which is readily
accomplished using a “Voltage Controlled Oscillator”.

• In the indirect method, the modulating signal is first used to

produce a narrowband FM signal, and frequency
multiplication is next used to increase the frequency deviation
to the desired level.
 Methods of FM Generation

Direct Methods Indirect Methods

Direct-FM Varactor Diode Modulator Armstrong

Indirect FM
FM Reactance Modulator
Transmitte
r
Frequency-stabilized Reactance FM
Transmitter

Crossby Direct FM Transmitter

PLL Direct FM Modulator

 c   / d

- more capacitance.

- less capacitance.
Varactor Diode Modulator

Figure: Varactor Diode Modulator

Hartley oscillator
 Basic Reactance Modulator

Figure: Basic reactance modulator

• The FET reactance modulator behaves as a three terminal

reactance that may connected across the tank circuit of the
oscillator to be frequency modulated.
• The value of the reactance is proportional to the
transconductance of the device, which can be made to depend
on the gate bias and its variations.
The FET drain current is

If XC ≫ R in Equation (5-17), the equation will

reduce to

This impedance is quite clearly a capacitive reactance, which may be written

as
Basic Reactance Modulator Contd.,
 Indirect FM

Figure: Block diagram of the indirect method generating a Wideband FM signal

Figure: Block diagram of frequency multiplier

Armstrong method (PM&FM)
 Demodulation of FM signals

Types of FM Demodulators

Tuned Circuit Slope Phase FM Zero Crossing Quadratur

Frequency Detector Difference Detection FM Detector e FM
Discriminator Detector using PLL Demodulato
r

Single-tuned or Foster Seeley

simple slope Discriminator or
detector Center-tuned

Stagger-tuned or
Ratio Detector
balanced slope
detector
 Amplitude Limiting
• In order make full use of the advantages offered by FM, a
demodulator must be preceded by amp. Limiter, any amplitude
changes in the signal fed to the FM demodulators are
spurious. They must be removed if distortion is to be avoided
• Since most FM demodulators react to amplitude changes as
well as freq. changes
• The limiter is a form of clipping device, a circuit whose output
tends to remain constant despite changes in the input signal.
Amplitude Limiter:

Figure: Amplitude Limiter

 Amplitude Limiting Contd.,
• The Drain supply voltage has been dropped through resistor
• The bias on the gate is leak type bias supplied by the parallel
Rg-Cg combination.
• Finally, FET is neutralized by means of capacitor ,
in consideration of the high frequency of operation.
• Leak type bias provides limiting, as shown in figure. When the
input signal voltage rises, current flows in the Rg-Cg bias
circuit, and a negative voltage is developed across the
capacitor.
• The bias on the FET is increased in proportion to the size of
the input voltage. As a result the gain of the amplifier is
lowered, and the output voltage tends to remain constant.
Amplitude Limiting Contd.,

Figure: Amplitude Limiter Transfer Characteristics

Amplitude Limiting Contd.,

Figure: Typical Limiter response characteristics

 Basic FM Demodulator Circuits
• The function of a frequency-to-amplitude changer, or FM
demodulator, is to change the frequency deviation of the
incoming carrier into an AF amplitude variation.
• In addition, the detection circuit should be insensitive to
amplitude changes and should not be too critical in its
adjustment and operation.
• Generally, this type of circuit converts the frequency-
modulated IF voltage of constant amplitude into a voltage that
is both frequency and amplitude-modulated. This latter voltage
is then applied to the detector which reacts to amplitude
change but ignores frequency variations
• It is necessary to devise a circuit which has an output whose
amplitude depends on the frequency deviation of the input
voltage
 Slope Detection

Figure: Slope Detector Characteristics Curve

• A frequency modulated signal fed to a tuned circuit whose
resonant frequency is to one side of the center frequency of the
FM signal.
• The output of this circuit will have an amplitude that depends
on the frequency deviation of the input signal as illustrated in
above figure
 Slope Detection
• The circuit is detuned by an amount , to bring the carrier
center frequency to point A on the selectivity curve .Frequency
variation produces an output voltage proportional to the
frequency deviation of the carrier.
• This output voltage is applied to a diode detector with an RC
load of suitable time constant.
Disadvantages:
• It is linear only along a very limited frequency range
• It quite obviously reacts to all amplitude changes
 Demodulation of FM signals Contd.,
i.Balanced Frequency Discriminator (Slope Detector)

Figure: Block diagram of frequency discriminator

• The input transformer has a center tapped secondary. Hence, the input voltages to the
two slope detectors are 180° out of phase.
• There are three tuned circuits.
• Out of them, the primary is tuned to IF i.e., fc .
• The upper tuned circuit of the secondary (T 1) is tuned above fc by Δf i.e., its resonant
frequency is (fc+ Δf).
• The lower tuned circuit of the secondary is tuned below f c by Δf i.e., at (fc – Δf).
• R1C1 and R2C2 are the filters used to bypass the RF ripple.
• Vo1 and Vo2 are the output voltages of the two slope detectors.
• The final output voltage Vo is obtained by taking the subtraction of the individual
output voltages, Vo1 and Vo2, i.e.,
FOSTER-
SEELEY(PHASE)DISCRIMINATOR
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR
The zero crossing detector operator on the principle that the instantaneous frequency of an FM wave is approximately
given by,

where Δt is the time difference between the adjacent zero crossover points of the FM wave as shown in figure.

Let us consider a time-duration T as shown in figure

The time T is chosen such that it satisfies the following two conditions:
(i) T should be small compared to (1/W) wheel, W is the bandwidth of the message signal.
(ii) T should be large as compared to (1/f c) where fc is the carrier frequency of the FM wave.
Let the number of zero crossings during interval T be denoted by n 0.
Hence, Δt i.e., the time between the adjacent zero crossing points is given by,
Ratio detector
 Comparison between AM and FM
S.No Parameter AM FM
Amplitude of carrier is Frequency of carrier is
varied in accordance varied In accordance
1 Definition with amplitude of with the amplitude of
modulating signal modulating signal
keeping frequency and keeping amplitude and
phase constant phase constant
Constant
2 Frequency and phase Amplitude and phase
parameters

3 Modulation Index µ=Am/Ac β=

4 Bandwidth BW = 2fm BW = 2 ( + fm )

Number of Infinite and depends on

5 Only two
Sidebands β

Broadcasting FM, audio

MW, SW band
transmission in TV and
6 Applications broadcasting, video analog cellular
transmission in communications systems
TV
# Frequency Modulation (FM) Amplitude Modulation (AM)

1 FM receivers have better noise AM receivers are very

immunity susceptible to noise
2 Noise immunity can be improved by No such option exists in AM
increasing the frequency deviation

3 Bandwidth requirement is greater Bandwidth is less than FM or

and depends upon modulation index PM and doesn’t depend upon a
modulation index

4 FM (or PM) transmitters and AM transmitters and receivers

receivers are more complex than for are less complex than for FM
AM (or PM)

5 All transmitted power is useful so FM Power is wasted in transmitting

is very efficient the carrier and double
sidebands in DSB (but DSB-SC
addresses this)
 Average Power of a FM or PM Wave

The amplitude A is constant in a phase modulated or a frequency modulated signal.

RF power does not depend upon the frequency or the phase of the waveform.

FM or PM (t)  A cosCt  f (k, m(t))

A2
Average Power  (always)
2

This is a result of FM and PM signals being constant amplitude.

PROBLEMS ON FM
Question
In the stabilize reactance modulator AFC system,

a. the discriminator must have a fast time constant to prevent

demodulation

b. the higher the discriminator frequency, the better the oscillator

frequency stability

c. the discriminator frequency must not be too low, or the system

will fail

d. phase modulation is converted into FM by the equalizer

circuit
Solution

In the stabilize reactance modulator AFC system, the

discriminator frequency must not be too low, or the system will
fail

So Option C is Correct
Question
One of the following is an indirect way of generating FM. This is
the

a. reactance FET modulator

b. varactor diode modulator

c. Armstrong modulator

d. reactance bipolar transistor modulator

Solution

Armstrong modulator is indirect way of generating

FM. So option C is Correct

Question
The audio signal having frequency 500Hz and voltage 2.6V, shows a deviation of
5.2KHz in a Frequency Modulation system. If the audio signal voltage changes
to 8.6V, calculate the new deviation obtained.

a. 17.2 KHz

b. 19.6 KHz

c. 25.6 KHz

d. 14.6 KHz
Solution

Deviation in FM is given by Δf = kf .Am

here, kf = Δf / Am
= 5.2/2.6= 2

When voltage changes to 8.6V =

Am New frequency deviation Δf =

kf Am

= 2* 8.6
= 17.2
KHz

So option A is correct
Question
In a FM system, a carrier of 100 MHz is modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 5 KHz.
The bandwidth by Carson’s approximation is 1MHz. If y(t) = (modulated
waveform)3, then by using Carson’s approximation, the bandwidth of y(t) around
300 MHz and the spacing of spectral components are, respectively.

(a) 3 MHz, 5 KHz

(b) 1 MHz, 15 KHz

(c) 3 MHz, 15 KHz

(d) 1 MHz, 5 KHz

GATE 2000: 2 Marks
Question
Match List I with List II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I
A. Collector modulation
B. Phase shift method
C. Balanced modulator
D. Amplitude limiter
List II
1. FM generation Options: A B C D
2. DSB generation (a) 3 4 1 2
3. AM generation (b) 4 3 1 2
4. SSB generation (c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 4 3 2 1

Option C is Correct
Solution

In an FM signal, adjacent spectral components will get separated by

modulating frequency
𝒇𝒎=𝟓𝑲𝑯𝒛

𝑩𝑾=𝟐(Δ𝒇+𝒇𝒎)=𝟏𝑴𝑯𝒛
Δ𝒇+𝒇𝒎=𝟓𝟎𝟎𝑲𝑯𝒛
Δ𝒇=𝟒𝟗𝟓 𝑲𝑯𝒛

The nth order non-

linearity makes the
carrier frequency and
frequency deviation
increased by n-fold, with baseband frequency fm unchanged.
(Δ𝒇)𝒏𝒆𝒘=𝟑×𝟒𝟗𝟓=𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟓 𝑲𝑯𝒛

𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝑩𝑾=𝟐(𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟓+𝟓)×𝟏𝟎𝟑 =𝟐.𝟗𝟖 𝑴𝑯𝒛 ≈𝟑 𝑴𝑯𝒛

V(t)=5[cos(106𝜋𝑡) − sin 103𝜋𝑡 sin(106𝜋𝑡)] 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
A. DSB suppressed signal
B. AM signal
C. SSB upper side band signal
D. Narrow band FM signal

Given signal is v(t)= 5[cos(106𝜋𝑡) − sin 103𝜋𝑡 sin(106𝜋𝑡)]

= 5cos(106𝜋𝑡)+5/2[cos(106 + 103)𝜋𝑡- cos(106 − 103)𝜋𝑡]
By observing the above equation we can conclude that
It is an Narrow band FM signal because a narrow band FM
signal is represented by

Therefore the given signal is an Narrow band FM signal

An AM signal and a narrow band FM signal with identical carriers, modulating
signals and modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. The resultant signal can
be closely approximated by
A. Broad band FM
B. DSB-SC
C. SSB with carrier
D. SSB without carrier
Frequency
multiplier
Solution:
The given signal is of the form
An FM signal is s(t)= 10cos[2π 106t+0.2sin(2π 2𝑋103t)].It is passes
through cascaded frequency multiplier of having multiplying constant of
4 and 5 respectively. Find all the parameters of FM signal at the output
of each multiplier

Frequency 𝑠′ (𝑡) Frequency 𝑠 ′′ (𝑡)

S(t
multiplier multiplier
)
n=4 n=5
Given signal
s(t)= 10cos[2π 106t+0.2sin(2π 2𝑋103t)].
Comparing with general expression of single tone FM
s(t)=𝐴𝑐cos[2π𝑓𝑐t+βsin2π𝑓𝑚𝑡]
𝐴𝑐=10, 𝑓𝑐= 106
𝛽 = 0.2, 𝑓 𝑚 =2 kHz Second frequency multiplier , n=5
∆𝑓 = 𝛽𝑓𝑚=2*0.2=0.4Khz 𝐴𝑐 =10
first frequency multiplier , n=4 𝑓𝑐= 106*4*5
𝐴𝑐 =10 𝛽 = 0.2 ∗ 4 ∗ 5
𝑓𝑐= 10 *4
6 𝑓𝑚=2 kHz, ∆𝑓 = 𝛽𝑓 =8KHZ
𝑚
𝛽 = 0.2 ∗ 4
𝑓 𝑚 =2 kHz , ∆𝑓 = 𝛽𝑓𝑚 =1.6kHz
 References

 Communication Systems by Simon Haykin, Wiley, 2nd Edition.

 Principle of Communication System by Taub ,Schilling & Saha,
TMH.
 Modern digital and Analog Communications system by BP
Lathi,
Ding and Gupta, Oxford.
 Electronic Communication Systems by Kennedy and Davis,
TMH.
 Signals and Systems by Simon Haykin and V Veen, Wiley

Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 71

30-05-2020 Prof.Ch.Srinivasa Rao, JNTUK UCEV 72