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Cataract

The lens is a transparent structure located between the iris and vitreous humor. It focuses light onto the retina. Cataracts develop when the lens becomes opaque, which can occur due to genetic factors, aging, trauma, or medical conditions. The main types of cataracts include age-related senile cataracts, congenital or developmental cataracts present from birth, and acquired cataracts caused by factors like diabetes, smoking, or medical treatments. Surgical removal of the opaque lens is usually required to treat cataracts and restore vision.

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11 views18 pages

Cataract

The lens is a transparent structure located between the iris and vitreous humor. It focuses light onto the retina. Cataracts develop when the lens becomes opaque, which can occur due to genetic factors, aging, trauma, or medical conditions. The main types of cataracts include age-related senile cataracts, congenital or developmental cataracts present from birth, and acquired cataracts caused by factors like diabetes, smoking, or medical treatments. Surgical removal of the opaque lens is usually required to treat cataracts and restore vision.

Uploaded by

Ankita Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CATARACT

lens
The lens is a transparent, biconvex, crystalline structure placed between
iris and the vitreous in a saucer shaped depression the patellar fossa.

 Its diameter is 9-10 mm

It has got two surfaces: the anterior surface is


less convex (radius of curvature 10 mm) than the posterior (radius of
curvature 6 mm)
Structure
1. Lens capsule- It is a thin, transparent, hyaline membrane surrounding
the lens which is thicker over the anterior than the posterior surface.

2. Anterior epithelium.

3. Lens fibres. The epithelial cells elongate to form


lens fibres
Nucleus
It is the central part containing the oldest fibres. It consists of different
zones

 Embryonic nucleus. It is the innermost part of nucleus


Fetal nucleus. It lies around the embryonic nucleus
Infantile nucleus
 Adult nucleus

Cortex. It is the peripheral part which comprises


the youngest lens fibres.
CATARACT
Development of an opacity in the lens is known
as cataract.
classification
A. Etiological classification
I. Congenital and developmental cataract
II. Acquired cataract
1. Senile cataract
2. Traumatic cataract
3. Complicated cataract
4. Metabolic cataract
5. Electric cataract
6. Radiational cataract
7. Toxic cataract
i Corticosteroid-induced cataract
ii. Miotics-induced cataract
B. Morphological classification
1. Capsular cataract.
i. Anterior capsular cataract
ii. Posterior capsular cataract
2. Subcapsular cataract. (just below the
capsule)
i. Anterior subcapsular cataract
ii. Posterior subcapsular cataract
3. Cortical cataract.
4. Supranuclear cataract.
5. Nuclear cataract
6. Polar cataract.
i. Anterior polar cataract
ii. Posterior polar cataract
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL
CATARACTS
occur due to some disturbance in the normal growth of the lens. When
the disturbance occurs before birth, the child is born with a
congenital cataract.
Developmental cataract may occur from infancy to adolescence.
• Etiology
I. Heredity.
II. Maternal factors
1. Malnutrition
2. Infections.
3. Drugs ingestion.
4. Radiation.
III. Foetal or infantile factors
1. Deficient oxygenation (anoxia) owing to placental
haemorrhage.
2. Metabolic disorders of the foetus or infant
• Clinical types
I. Congenital capsular cataracts
1. Anterior capsular cataract
2. Posterior capsular cataract
II. Polar cataracts
1. Anterior polar cataract
2. Posterior polar cataract
III. Nuclear cataract
IV. Lamellar cataract
V. Sutural and axial cataracts
1. Floriform cataract
2. Coralliform cataract
VI. Generalized cataracts
ACQUIRED CATARACT

congenital and developmental cataracts occur due to disturbance in the


formation of the lens fibres, i.e., instead of clear, opaque lens fibres are
produced.

While, in acquired cataract, opacification occurs due to degeneration of


the already formed normal fibres.
SENILE CATARACT
Also called as ‘age-related cataract’,
 this is the commonest type of acquired cataract affecting equally
persons of either sex usually above the age of 50 years.

Etiology
Senile cataract is essentially an ageing process
The various factors implicated are as follows:
1. Heredity.
2. Ultraviolet irradiations.
3. Dietary factors. Diet deficient in certain proteins,
amino acids, vitamins (riboflavin, vitamin E, vitamin C)
4. Dehydrational crisis. An association with prior episode of severe dehydrational
crisis (due to diarrhoea, cholera etc.)
5. Smoking
Types Of Senile Cataract
Nuclear senile cataracts or hard cataract
Cortical senile cataracts or soft cataract
Mechanism of loss of transparency.
Nuclear senile cataract
In it the usual degenerative changes are intensification of the age related
nuclear sclerosis associated with dehydration and compaction of the
nucleus resulting in a hard cataract.
TREATMENT
Preoperative evaluation
General medical examination of the patient to exclude the presence of
serious systemic diseases especially:
I. diabetes mellitus;
II. hypertension and cardiac problems;
III. obstructive lung disorders
IV. any potential source of infection in the body

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