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LECTURE 1
Introduction
 Things we need to know
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 CS 164
 Qualitative idea of telecommunication networks and
protocols – the OSI stack
 what TCP/IP is, etc.
 Routing protocols
 Broad overview of course contents
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 Wireless Systems  Lower Layers

 Wireless Wide Area  Physical Layer (PHY)
Networks (WWANs)  Radio Propagation
 Wireless Metro Area  Modulation

Networks (WMANs)  Access layer (MAC)

 Wireless Local Area  Deployment
Networks (WLANs)  Higher Layers
 Wireless Personal Area  Routing
Networks (WPANs)  Transport
 Ad hoc and mesh
Beware of Acronyms!
 Mobility Management
networks (MM)
 Course Objectives
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 Learn architectural differences between various

wireless systems
 Examine how wireless affects protocol design and
development
 Uncover network operation, deployment, and
application issues
 Textbook and references
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 Textbook
 Mobile Communications 2nd edition, Jochen Schiller,
Addison Wesley
 However, I may draw things from other sources.
 Refer to slides – should have the content you are
responsible for.
 Other references
 Papers from journals and magazines
 Principles of Wireless Networks – Kaveh Pahlavan and
Prashant Krishnamurthy, Pearson
 Contact
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 Srikanth Krishnamurthy
 Location
 324, Engineering II
 E-mail: [email protected]
 Web: www.cs.ucr.edu/~krish
 Office Hours: Fridays 11.00 – 12.00 (or by
appointment)
 TA: Kittipat Apicharttrisorn [email protected]
 Grading
7

 Homework 10%
 Labs 10 % Project
Quiz 1
 3 Quizzes 15% each Final
 We will choose the Homework
Quiz 2
best two.
 Project 20% Final
Project
HW/LABS
 Final 30% Midterm

Undergraduates?
 Labs and Project
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 Lab attendance is mandatory for first 6 weeks.

 You will lose points for each lab missed.
 First six labs : you will do ns3 simulations
 Simple experiments
 Learn the simulator.
 Last four labs – project
 Will be assigned by Week 6
 No groups – do this individually.
 No cooperation whatsoever.
 Take help from TAs as needed – attend labs as needed.
 Homework
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 Pick up in lab – turn in next lab.

 In the last four weeks, you will have the option of
e-mailing a pdf to your TAs if you cannot attend.
 We will also post it on web.
 Clarity and Legibility are Very Important
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Rhymes with Orange – by Hilary Price

 There will be no credit for vague answers or unclear steps

 I should be able to understand what you were trying to do without your verbal
explanation later
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INTRODUCTION TO
WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Quick Overview
 Wireless Communication Systems
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 Wireless communication system

 Any electrical communication system that uses a naturally
occurring communication channel, such as air, water, earth.
 Examples:
 Cell phone, sonar, ground penetrating radar
 Broadcast: (one way)
 Radio, TV, pagers, satellite TV
 Two Way:
 Walkie talkie, cell phones, satellite phones, WiFi, Bluetooth
 Fundamentally different from wired networks
 Mobile Vs. Wireless
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 Mobile and Wireless are not interchangeable

 Mobile and wireless communication systems
 Communicate over the air via radio-waves
 Support some form of user mobility
Mobile Wireless Example
  Stationary computer, pay phone
  Wireless local loop
  Calling card, call forwarding
  Cell phone, laptop with WLAN
 Classification of Wireless Systems
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 Classification of Wireless Systems
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 Classification based on data rates and
technologies
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 Traditional Wired Networks
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 Positioning of Wireless Networks
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Additional fixed components for

wireless infrastructure

Ad hoc
clusters
 Infrastructure Topology
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 Basics
 A wired (fixed) infrastructure supports communications between
wireless devices and between wireless devices and fixed devices
 Base Stations (BSs) or Access Points (APs) form the point of
access to the network
 Each BS covers an area called a “cell”
 Multiple BSs are interconnected to cover a larger geographical area
 Star topology
 The BS or AP is the hub
 Any communication from a wireless device to another has to be sent
through the BS or AP
 The BS or AP manages user access to the network
 What is extra?
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 Wireless transceivers  Management Entities

 Base stations – BSs  Mobility management
and Access points –  Power management
APs  Radio resource
 Mobile stations - MSs management
 Spectrum  Security
 Frequency bands for  Deployment
uplink and downlink  Frequency reuse
 Air interface  Network design
 Examples of Infrastructure Wireless Networks
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 Wide area
 Voice oriented - Cellular telephone systems
 Data oriented - Mobile data systems
 Local Area
 Voice oriented - Wireless PBXs
 Cordless phones
 Data Oriented - Wireless LANs
 History of Wireless Voice
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Networks
Year Event

1970s Exploration of first generation mobile radio at Bell Labs

Late 1970s First generation cordless phones

1982 Exploration of second generation digital cordless CT-2

1982 Deployment of first analog cellular system: NMT

1983 Deployment of first US analog cellular system: AMPS

1983 Exploration of 2G digital cellular GSM

1985 Exploration of wireless PBXs and DECT

1988 Initiation of GSM development

1988 Initiation of IS-54 development

1988 Exploration of Qualcomm’s CDMA technology

1991 Deployment of GSM

1993 Deployment of PHS/PHP and initiation of IS-95

1995 PCS Band auction

2000 Wireless Web, Wireless Application Protocol, GPRS

2002 3G Networks

2011 and beyond Voice over LTE (VoLTE), Smartphones

 The Cellphone Industry
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# of Connections (GSM = 3.4 Billion)
 Mobile phone systems 350,000,000

 Support communication to 300,000,000

mobile users via wireless radio (Q2 2009)
250,000,000
channel
 Fastest growing technical device 200,000,000

EVER! 150,000,000
 Variety of systems
100,000,000
 4.3 Billion Connections (Q2 2009)
 Analog: NMT, AMPS, TACS 50,000,000
 Digital: GSM, USDC, IS-95
(cellular CDMA), PDC 0

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 Focus now on wireless data,
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apps and location aware services Source: GSMA

 Data Source: RootMetrics/CNN (2014)

Example: 4G Data Rates in US Airports

24

Verizon, ATT, Sprint, T-Mobile

 US Statistics
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34% of Households are “Wireless Only”

Annual Total Wireless Revenues in 2012: $ 178.4 Billion

Annual Revenues from Data Traffic in 2012: $ 68.3 Billion

Data Source: CTIA - http://www.ctia.org/advocacy/research/index.cfm/AID/10323

 Generations of mobile communications
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Feature/ Decade 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

Generation First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Keywords Analog Digital Global World MIMO, High Cognitive? Open

Personal Standards; data rate; spectrum? high
IP-Based mobility
Multiple FDMA TDMA CDMA, OFDM OFDMA Mixed?
Access CDMA
Cellular Analog Digital UMTS LTE, WiMax 5G-Cellular, ITS
Systems Cellular Cellular cdma2000
(3G-Cellular) Rates
approaching
10Mbps
Local/Home Analog Digital Digital Cordless Min. data rate > Minimum Data rate
systems Cordless Cordless 100 Mbps Gbps?
Data Systems Mobile Data 3G Data, 802.11b, 4G Data, 60
Early WLAN a, g, n GHz WLANs?
UWB?
 An evolutionary view of wireless technologies
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 History of Wireless Data
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Year Event
1979 Diffused Infrared (IBM Labs in Switzerland)
1980 Spread Spectrum using SAW Devices (HP Labs in California)
Early 80s Wireless modems (Data Radio)
1983 ARDIS (Motorola/IBM)
1985 ISM Bands for Spread Spectrum Applications
1986 Mobitex (Swedish Telecom and Ericsson)
1990 IEEE 802.11 starts, Announcement of WLAN products
1991 RAM Mobile (Mobitex)
1992 Formation of Winforum, ETSI’s HIPERLAN in Europe
1993 Release of 2.4, 5.2 and 17.1-17.3 GHz bands in EU
1993 PCS licensed and unlicensed bands
1993 CDPD - (IBM and 9 operating companies)
1997 IEEE 802.11 finalized
2000 General packet radio service (GPRS)
2002 Wireless PANs and EDGE, CDMA Data
2007 HSDPA and 3G Data services
2012 Wimax and LTE
 Generic Architecture - WWANs
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AuC OMC
Management Level

ViD HoD ER
Visitor Database Operation &
Maintenance
Home Database Center

Authentication Center Equipment

Register

Mobile
Network Level

The
MSC Switching
Internet Center
or PSTN

RNC RNC Radio Network

Controller
Radio Level

Point of
Access

Mobile Station
 2G Cellular Network Architecture
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BTS- Base Transceiver Subsystem

BSC - Base Station Controller
MSC - Mobile Switching Center
BTS - Base Transceiver Subsystem
CO - Central Office
VLR - Visitor Location Register
SS 7 - Signaling System 7
 Not all elements from the generic architecture exist in all technologies & the exact
functionality of the elements may be different

Terms and terminology

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 Mobile Station (MS)  Mobile Control Center

 Mobile Terminal – MT, Mobile  Mobile Switching Center – MSC,
End System – M-ES, Mobile Mobile Data Intermediate System
Node – MN, Mobile Device, – MD-IS, Gateway GPRS
Handheld Device, Wireless Support Node – GGSN
Device, etc.  Visiting Database
 Point of Access  Visiting Location Register –
 Base Station (BS), Base VLR, Mobile Serving Function –
Transceiver Subsystem (BTS), MSF, Serving GPRS Support
Mobile Data Base Station Node – SGSN, Foreign Agent –
(MDBS), Access Point (AP), FA
Node B, E-Node B  Home Database
 Radio Controller  Home Location Register – HLR,
 Base Station Controller – BSC, Mobile Home Function – MHF,
Radio Network Controller – RNC GPRS Register – GR, Home
Agent - HA
 Functionality (I)
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 Point of access  Radio Network

 The physical radio Controller
transceiver  Again link level
 Creates the air
 Manages the air interface
interface  Which RF carrier should I
tune to?
 Transmits signals to  What transmit power level
MSs should I use?
 Receives signals from  Is the carrier I want to use
MSs capable of providing
 Involved in acceptable quality?
multiplexing on the link  When should I make a
– medium access handoff?
 Base Stations (BS)
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 Provides radio channels between mobile units and network

 Pico-cells : (indoor – 0-.5 Km) support 8-20 channels
 Micro-cells: (outdoor – 0-1 Km), Macro-cells: (1-30 Km)
 Base Stations and Radio Network Controllers
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 Base Transceiver Subsystem (BTS)

 Houses radio units
 Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Manages a cluster of BS, channel assignment, handoff, power control, some
switching, etc

BTS
BSCs
 Functionality (II)
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 Mobile Switching Center

 Manages mobility of devices
 Routes packets to and from MSs
 Keeps track of the location of the MSs
 Location means “in which cell or group of cells” the MS may be located
i.e., which points of access may be probable candidates for pinging the
MS
 How does it do this? Using the home database and visiting database
 Ensures security
 Uses the authentication center and equipment registers to authenticate
the MS and to prevent fraudulent/stolen devices from using the network
 Accounting and Billing
 Operations and maintenance center
 Mobile Switching Center
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 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (MTSO)

 Provides switching functions , coordinates location tracking, call
delivery, handoff, interfaces to HLR,VLR, AUC, etc.
 Size of central office switch
 Home and Visitor Databases
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 Home Location Register (HLR)

 Specialized database server contains billing info, service profile and general
location of a mobile user
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Similar to HLR contains location of users and their service profile of all users
in a metro type area
 Wireless Local Area Networks
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 Used primarily in smaller areas

 Homes, campuses, coffee shops, businesses
 Support communication to mobile data users via wireless
channel
 Standards
 IEEE 802.11 a, b, g, n standard (wireless Ethernet)
 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 11Mbps, 54 Mbps, >100 Mbps rates
 Use Barker codes, CCK, OFDM, MIMO
 Infrastructure based and Ad-Hoc based networks
 HIPERLAN 1 and 2
 Typically use unlicensed spectrum
 Generic Architecture - WLANs
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 Ad hoc network topology
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 Distributed topology
 Devices communicate between each other directly
(like walkie-talkies)
 Characteristics
 Reconfigurable networks
 No need for a wired infrastructure
 Suitable for rapid deployment
 Need to “discover” communicating parties,
services, methods of routing data, and so on
 Ad Hoc WLANs
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 MSs communicate in a peer-to-peer manner

 Single-hop: They have to be in range of one another
 Most vendors support only this option
 Multi-hop: MSs can act as “relay nodes”
 HIPERLAN/1 supports this, but there are no real products

MS

MS

MS

Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) in 802.11 WLANs

 Generic Architecture - WPANs
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Slave
Slave

Slave Master

 Ad-hoc topology
 Bluetooth: A “cell” or “piconet” is defined by a Master device
 The master controls the frequency hopping sequence
 The master also controls the transmission within its piconet
 Others
 Sensor networks, RF-IDs, mobile ad hoc networks
 PHY Layer Issues
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 The radio channel is harsh  Spectrum Regulation

 Cables and wires have “predictable”  The medium of transmission is air
and time-invariant transmission  The medium cannot be duplicated
characteristics and it must be shared by ALL
 The radio channel is dynamic and applications
harsh  Communications, broadcast,
 Examples of problems emergency services, television,
military, etc.
 Fading
 Sharing is achieved by allocating
 Multipath dispersion
separate “bands” of spectrum to
 Signal attenuation due to rain or users of different applications
snow  Broadcast radio: 520-1605.5 kHz –
 Interference (again!) AM Radio
 Broadcast radio: 87.5 – 108 MHz –
 Physical layer issues FM Radio
 Coverage  A band of spectrum refers to a range
 Harshness of the radio channel of electromagnetic frequencies
 High error rates need mitigation  The FCC regulates the spectrum
 Effect on protocols allocated to vendors
 MAC layer Issues + Network Design &
Deployment
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 There is LIMITED spectrum for  MAC layer issues
different applications  Shared “broadcast” medium
 The frequency bands are not  Need for a simple decentralized
“contained” as in the case of wired
medium access mechanism
transmissions
 There is some interference between
 Performance
signals transmitted in one frequency  Throughput, delay and QoS
band and another  Network design and
 Same thing is true if you choose to split
the band for an application (think AM) deployment
 Capacity is limited and we need novel
 No single type of wireless
methods to improve capacity access is available everywhere
 SUMMARY  Spectrum is scarce
 Spectrum and hence bandwidth is  Coexistence, interference,
limited planning
 Radio transmissions can cause  Frequency reuse and cellular
interference
topology
 Multiple Access Techniques
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 Orthogonal waveforms
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
 Separate users in frequency
 Analog 1G systems – AMPS, NMT, TACS etc.
 Time division multiple access (TDMA)
 Separate users in time
 Digital 2G systems – IS-136 and GSM
 Random (pseudo) and orthogonal waveforms
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)
 Separate users in “code”
 Digital 2G system – IS-95
 All 3G systems – IMT-2000 (W-CDMA and cdma2000)
 Long term evolution (LTE) uses OFDMA
 Radio Resource Management
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 Resource limitations
 Radio resources
 Power:
 A mobile device does not have a constant power supply and relies
on battery
 Transmissions consume energy!
 The battery must last as long as possible before being charged
 The transmission scheme MUST be efficient in terms of energy
consumption
 Radio resource and power management
 Assignment of radio channels and transmit power
 Admission control, power control and handoff decision
 Mobility Management
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 Wireless devices are popular  In wired communications the

because they do not need to be “address” of the device
tethered to a place like wired identifies its location – this is no
devices longer true with wireless devices
 Wireless devices are  A moving device will “see” a
continuously changing locations harsher channel!
 The connectivity changes  Mobility management
 Devices may move out of  Location management
coverage of a service  Tracking where a MS is
 Someone should keep track of  Handoff management
where the device is to deliver
 Routing calls/packets as a MS
information to it
moves
 Someone should make sure that  Routing in ad hoc networks
the connection is not broken as a
wireless device moves
 Database issues
 Operations and Security
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 Management and Security  Service discovery and

 Mobile end host is no longer
confined to the home network data management
 Wireless links can be easily  Sensors and RF-IDs
“tapped”
 Fraud
 How is data
 Accounting and billing
maintained?
 Conflicts with other issues  Where should data
 Network operations and reside?
management  How can it be
 Accounting and billing to efficiently accessed?
charge subscribers correctly
 Access to resources and services
on the network
 Mobile Device
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 Form factor and  Usability

capabilities  User characteristics (size,
dexterity, knowledge, etc.)
 A mobile device has  Environment characteristics
to be light weight, (temperature, degree of
durable, have long mobility, etc)
battery life and yet be  Device Characteristics
capable of performing  Start up time
 Data integrity and security
complex tasks  cpu speed and memory size
 Energy efficient  Power supply
design of software  User interface (keypad,
and protocols stylus, voice)
 Summary - I
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 Spectrum is scarce
 We need to squeeze as many data bits as possible in a
given bandwidth
 The more data bits you squeeze in the more stringent
are the system requirements
 Example: Squeezing in more data => larger signal to noise
ratio requirement => larger transmit power => lower battery
life
 Example: multipath dispersion is not a problem at low data
rates
 Example: complex processing can result in large form factor
 Summary - II
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 Physical layer makes wireless communications

unreliable and erroneous
 Contributes greatly to the complexity of the system
 Impacts all other aspects of a wireless system
 Fundamentally different from wired networks
 Resource issues
 Mobility issues
 Design issues