4th BLOCK EDUCATIONAL METHODOLOGY
B. NDERITU 2011
Objectives
Competence
Ability to apply knowledge, skills and attitudes on educational methodology to teach various target groups
Explain basic concepts and principles of the learning process Apply the process of curriculum and lesson plan development
Specific objectives
Outline
Definition of teaching and learning Factors that influence learning Characteristics of a good teacher
Curriculum Lesson plan Educational objectives Selection of teaching methods Teaching skills Clinical teaching
So how do we learn?
Constructs Organize Assimilate Accommodate
Cognitive theory
Observation Imitation Consequence on role models
Social theories Learner
Acquires and
Reinforcement Immediate feedback Shaping Law of effect
Behavioral theory
constructs knowledge
The process of curriculum
What is it? Elements Factors influencing curriculum Stages of curriculum development Approaches to curriculum
Outcomes
Outcomes
Objectives
Instructional
Behavioral
Educational
Learning
Attitudinal
Cognitive
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Attitudinal
Psychomotor
Outcomes
Aim denotes the direction to be followed Goal: denotes the direction to be followed Objectives: describe the actual destination Competencies: indicates whether one knows the way to the destination
Learning domains
Cognitive: mental skills (Knowledge) Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (Skills)
Learning Objectives
Characteristics of learning objectives: Action verb: this describes what the learner is expected to do e.g. list, draw, name, demonstrate etc. this should describe the specific behaviour expected from the learner Content reference: follows the verb and describes the subject reference which could be knowledge, attitude or skill e.g. draw a diagram, name the parts etc Performance reference or condition: this refers to the condition under which the activity is to be performed or the circumstances or context for the behaviour e.g. without assistance, the learner should be able to . Or in an oral presentation etc Performance criteria or standard: This refers to the level of performance, proficiency or accuracy in doing the activity or how well the learner will perform compared to the laid down standard example 8 out of 10, etc
Teaching methods
What is this?
Techniques used by a teacher to promote and facilitate learning
Teaching approaches
Traditional Practical Field visit Lecture Individual learning Seminar or workshop Tutorial Demonstration Projects Simulation Role-play Small group Nursing conference Assignments Microteaching
Innovative Problem Based Learning (PBL). Self Directed Learning (SDL). Small Group Tutorial (SGT). Community Based Education and Service (COBES). Computer Aided Education (CAE). Student-centred, ProblemBased, Integrated, Community-Oriented, Electives and Systematic (SPICES).
Teaching methods-Traditional
1.
2.
Lecture Discussion
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.
Small group Question and answer Syndicate Debates and panels Snowball Brainstorming
Teaching methods
3.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
Demonstration and practice Simulation Role-play Practical Field-work/visit Self instructional
Teaching methods
9. 10. 11. 12.
13.
14.
Seminar Project Critical incident technique Team teaching Case studies and PMPs Micro-teaching
Teaching methods-Innovative
Problem Based Learning (PBL). Self Directed Learning (SDL). Small Group Tutorial (SGT). Community Based Education and Service (COBES). Computer Aided Education (CAE). Student-centred, Problem-Based, Integrated, Community-Oriented, Electives and Systematic (SPICES)
The Fifteen Step PBL Process
First Tutorial Step 1 Group organisation : Introductions, Selection of chairman, Selection of scribe. Step 2 Reading through the problem (aloud). Step 3 Identifying the problem. Step 4 Defining the problem. Step 5 Raising learning issues. Step 6 Resolving issues based on prior knowledge. Step 7 Organisation of the unresolved issues. Step 8 Developing learning objectives from the organised, unresolved issues First Self Directed Learning (SDL) Step 9 Information gathering from all available resources. Step 10 Students meeting alone, under their chairman, to collate information and identify the objectives based on information that is so far not available.
Second Tutorial Step 11 Discussion of available information to check for correctness and completeness. Step 12 Identification of objectives so far not addressed, with a view to identifying the resources from which to obtain information. Second SDL Period Step 13 Information gathering on difficult objectives. Step 14 Final collation of information and solving of the problem (students meeting alone under their chairman). Step 15 Identifying areas that are difficult to understand and seeking help, for example, overview (if necessary) or seminar.
Role of tutor in innovative teaching
Facilitate Advise Guide Inform Participate Withdraw
Choice of a teaching method
Influenced by Desired learning outcomes Teachers personal philosophy Teachers personal strengths Resources availability Class size and workload of teachers
Lecture
An oral presentation of information by the teacher to the learner Used to deliver information to a large number of students at the same time
Lecture
Advantages
Disadvantages
Economical in time Useful in resource limited settings Provides up-to-date information
One way learning (learners are passive) Slow learners are left behind Cant teach skills Not useful teaching attitudes
Lecture
Lectures are useful when
Introducing a new topic Audience is large Teaching facts Time is limited
How can one make a lecture interesting?
Discussion
Involves two-way exchange of information Interaction between teacher and student or student and student to bring out ideas
Small group
5-10 members to encourage open communication Members include persons who are:
Hardworking Questioning Commanding personality Shy and least argumentative Joker Should include all types of personalities
Small group
Preparation Attributes Decide what to teach Encourages critical thinking Plan in advance Cultivates communication State objectives Gives teachers more time Give guidelines to think Time Provide team skills Good for both fast and slow learners
Small group
Advantages
Disadvantages
Helps all learners participate Provides an opportunity for synthesis Provides immediate feedback Instills confidence in students Allows sharing of resources
Dominance of vocal member Does not guarantee keeping time Group members must have information Requires a good leader Efficiency is reduced as group increases Costly Slow for brilliant students
Question and answer
Used when At the introduction of lesson When teacher wishes to review Informal revision
Question and answer
Advantages are Disadvantages Student centered Favours bright students Encourages critical Ineffective in a large class thinking Time consuming Immediate feedback Does not acknowledge (corrections) individual differences Differentiates between known and unknown areas
Syndicate
Each group discusses a different topic and reports back to class Allows one to cover a wide area Useful in clinical settings
Debates and panels
Allows for divergent views Should be properly controlled In panels several students prepare for topic and present while others ask questions
Snowball
The teacher poses then students pair up and discuss then the groups pair to make 4 members each, then make 8 members. (pyramid) The teacher Identifies situation for discussion Controls the time Listens to some groups Review conclusions at the end
Brainstorming
People share ideas freely All ideas are collected without criticism and then reviewed one at a time
Stage 1 Defining the problem
Stage 2 Brainstorming the problem
Stage 4 Discussion to develop further
Stage 3 Review every suggestion
Brainstorming
Advantages Yields many ideas Enlarges view Encourages participation Ideas are spontaneous
Disadvantages Time consuming Uneconomical
Selection of a teaching method
Factors influencing selection of a teaching method
Desired learning outcomes Teachers personal philosophy Teachers personal strengths Resources availability Class size and workload of teachers
