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Types of Solid

There are two main types of solids: amorphous solids and crystalline solids. Amorphous solids have atoms arranged randomly, while crystalline solids have atoms in a regularly ordered structure. Crystalline solids can be further divided into metallic crystals, ionic crystals, molecular crystals, and covalent network crystals based on the type of constituent particles and bonding between them. Each type of crystalline solid has distinct properties arising from their atomic-level structure.

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20 views37 pages

Types of Solid

There are two main types of solids: amorphous solids and crystalline solids. Amorphous solids have atoms arranged randomly, while crystalline solids have atoms in a regularly ordered structure. Crystalline solids can be further divided into metallic crystals, ionic crystals, molecular crystals, and covalent network crystals based on the type of constituent particles and bonding between them. Each type of crystalline solid has distinct properties arising from their atomic-level structure.

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Types of Solids

Learning Objectives
• To describe the differences
between amorphous solid and
crystalline solid
• To be able to distinguish the
different types of crystalline solids
Classes of Solids
Amorphous Solid
• The word amorphous means that the solid does not always adopt
the same form. Its constituent particles are randomly arranged
• Examples are asphalt, rubber, glass, and plastic. These solids are
the results of the melting, cooling, and solidifying of liquids before
the particles can achieve internal order, (like glass) or having large
molecules that are tangled together (like rubber and plastic.)
• Amorphous solids do not have sharp melting points, that is,
melting within a narrow temperature range. Instead, they soften
first and melt little by little over a wide temperature range.
Classes of Solids

Crystalline Solid
• It is a solid in which the constituent particles
(atoms, ions, or molecules) have an orderly
arrangement, that is, it has regularly
arranged structure units with characteristic
geometric forms. Thus, crystals show
regular shapes which reflect the
arrangement of the particles within them.
DIFFERENCES OF
AMORPHOUS AND
CRYSTALLINE SOLID
Crystalline solids are less compressible than
amorphous solids. This is because crystalline solids
have a definitive crystalline shape that defines how
the particles of those solids are arranged and the
distance between those particles.
Amorphous Crystalline Solids
Solids
Have no regular Crystalline solids have a
particle periodic three-
arrangements, so dimensional
they have no well- arrangement of atoms,
defined particles ions or molecules
resulting in a well-
defined geometric shape.
Amorphous Crystalline Solids
Solids
Have a short- There is a lengthy
range order variety of crystalline
solids
Amorphous Crystalline Solids
Solids
No sharp melting Have a sharp melting
point, i.e. melt point, i.e. at a specific
over a temperature they melt
temperature
range.
Amorphous Crystalline Solids
Solids
They do not have a Crystalline solids have
fixed heat of fusion. elevated and fixed fusion
heat, i.e. melting of 1
mole of crystalline solid
requires elevated energy
Amorphous Crystalline Solids
Solids
Are isotropic, i.e., Are anisotropic, i.e., they
they have the same have different properties
properties in all such as optical and
directions. electrical properties in
different directions.
Amorphous Crystalline Solids
Solids
Amorphous solids Appearance does not alter
are unbalanced when crystalline solids
(unsymmetrical) are rotated around an
axis. This indicates that
there is symmetry
Amorphous Crystalline Solids
Solids
Are pseudo – Are real solids, i.e.
solids, i.e., do demonstrate all the
not show all the characteristic
characteris-tic properties of solids.
properties of

solids
Types of Crystalline Solids
1. Metallic crystals are the simplest type of
structure since single metallic atoms are the
constituent units. The geometric shape is
determined by the most efficient way in which its
spherical atoms can be packed. There are two
choices: the face-centered cubic packing and
the hexagonal close-packing.

Face-centered cube Hexagonal close-packed cube


Metallic Solids
•These solids have fixed positive ions surrounded by free
electrons in their structure. Due to these free electrons,
metallic solids are good conductors of electricity and heat. In
the case of metallic solids, there are positive ions present in
the pool of electrons. The melting and boiling points of
metallic solids could range from moderate to high. These
solids can be hard or soft (like sodium and
potassium). Metals like Copper, Nickel, Manganese are
some examples.
Types of Crystalline Solids
2. Ionic crystals have ions as
constituent particles. This is Na+
exemplified by the sodium
chloride crystal. The
oppositely charged Na+ and
Cl– ions arrange themselves
in a regular three-
dimensional pattern of a
crystal lattice.
Cl–
The crystal structure of NaCl
Ionic Solids
•These are the solids that are formed by
ions. These ions are joined by the strong
electrostatic forces of attraction within the
solid. Ions are charged particles that are of
two types- cations (positively charged) and
anions (negatively charged). These ions are
orderly arranged in the ionic solid.
• The force of attraction between cations and
anions are called an electrostatic force of
attraction. These strong forces contribute to the
hardness, brittleness, and high melting points
of these solids. These solids conduct electricity
only in a molten state/aqueous state. The
reason is that only in these states the ions are
free to move, unlike solid-state where they are
fixed. Examples of such solids are sodium
chloride (NaCl), lithium fluoride (LiF), etc.
Types of Crystalline Solids
3. Molecular crystals are those which have
molecules as constituent particles as well as
structure units. Weak van der Waals forces of
attraction hold them together. Solid iodine (I 2 )
molecules in crystalline form exemplify this type.

The diatomic molecules


of iodine in the crystals
of the solid
Polar Molecular Solids
•These molecular solids have a polar
covalent bond between their molecules. The
polarity in their bond is developed due to the
difference in the electronegativity of the
atoms which participate in bonding. Thus,
partial charges are developed on atoms that
form a dipole-dipole interaction force and
this force holds the solid together—for
example, SO2.
Non-Polar Molecular Solids
In these solids, atoms/elements form the
molecule, which is further joined by a nonpolar
bond to form this kind of molecular solid.
These solids have weak Van Der Waals forces
, so they are soft. No polarity is found in the
bonds amongst these solids as the same
atoms or molecules are joined like Cl2 (one
chlorine atom is bonded to another by a single
nonpolar bond).
Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Solids
•When Hydrogen makes a bond with fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen,
it is called a hydrogen bond. These are polar covalent bonds and
are comparatively strong bonds. The polarity in hydrogen bonds is
developed due to the electronegativity difference between
hydrogen and the other element, which could be N/O/F. The solids
in which these bonds are present are hydrogen-bonded molecular
solids—for example, hydrogen fluoride (HF), water (H2O), etc.
•

•
Types of Crystalline Solids
4. Covalent network crystals are giant molecules or
macromolecules. They consist of very large numbers of
atoms linked by a network of covalent bonds. These
molecules may build up in one direction as long chains
which form fibrous crystals like asbestos. Those
developed in two dimensions are found in layer lattices
like mica and graphite. In another crystalline form of
carbon, diamond, the atoms are linked by covalent
bonds in three directions. In effect, the entire crystal is a
single molecule.
Covalent Solids
These are also known as network solids
as they are formed by an intense
network of covalent bonds present in
their adjacent atoms forming the solid.
The constituent atoms/elements are
neutral atoms and can be the same as in
diamond (all atoms are of carbon joined
together by covalent bonds) or can be
different like in silicon carbide (SiC), also
known as carborundum.
• Diamond is the hardest substance in the
world and it is a covalent solid. It is used in
the glass cutting industry due to its
hardness. Covalent solids are also bad
conductors of electricity due to the
absence of free electrons as all the
electrons of constituent atoms are shared
to form covalent bonds
ANY
QUESTION?

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