DPGITM

Btech. CSE 5th Sem

ASSIGNMENT OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

SUBMITTED TO – MS. RENU VADHERA
SUBMITTED BY - LALIT
NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)

To access the Internet, one public IP address is needed, but we can use a
private IP address in our private network. The idea of NAT is to allow multiple
devices to access the Internet through a single public address. To achieve this,
the translation of a private IP address to a public IP address is
required. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process in which one or
more local IP address is translated into one or more Global IP address and vice
versa in order to provide Internet access to the local hosts. Also, it does the
translation of port numbers i.e. masks the port number of the host with another
port number, in the packet that will be routed to the destination. It then makes
the corresponding entries of IP address and port number in the NAT table. NAT
generally operates on a router or firewall.
NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT) WORKING –
• Generally, the border router is configured for NAT i.e. the router which has
one interface in the local (inside) network and one interface in the global
(outside) network. When a packet traverse outside the local (inside) network,
then NAT converts that local (private) IP address to a global (public) IP
address. When a packet enters the local network, the global (public) IP
address is converted to a local (private) IP address.
• If NAT runs out of addresses, i.e., no address is left in the pool configured
then the packets will be dropped and an Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) host unreachable packet to the destination is sent.
NAT INSIDE AND OUTSIDE ADDRESSES –
• Inside refers to the addresses which must be translated. Outside refers to the
addresses which are not in control of an organization. These are the network
Addresses in which the translation of the addresses will be done.
•Inside local address – An IP address that is assigned to a host on the Inside
(local) network. The address is probably not an IP address assigned by the
service provider i.e., these are private IP addresses. This is the inside host seen
from the inside network.

•Inside global address – IP address that represents one or more inside local IP
addresses to the outside world. This is the inside host as seen from the outside
network.

•Outside local address – This is the actual IP address of the destination host in
the local network after translation.

•Outside global address – This is the outside host as seen from the outside
network. It is the IP address of the outside destination host before translation.
NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT) TYPES –

• There are 3 ways to configure NAT:

1.Static NAT – In this, a single unregistered (Private) IP address is mapped

with a legally registered (Public) IP address i.e. one-to-one mapping between
local and global addresses. This is generally used for Web hosting. These are
not used in organizations as there are many devices that will need Internet
access and to provide Internet access, a public IP address is needed. Suppose,
if there are 3000 devices that need access to the Internet, the organization has
to buy 3000 public addresses that will be very costly.
• Dynamic NAT – In this type of NAT, an unregistered IP address is translated into a
registered (Public) IP address from a pool of public IP addresses. If the IP address
of the pool is not free, then the packet will be dropped as only a fixed number of
private IP addresses can be translated to public addresses. Suppose, if there is a
pool of 2 public IP addresses then only 2 private IP addresses can be translated at a
given time. If 3rd private IP address wants to access the Internet then the packet
will be dropped therefore many private IP addresses are mapped to a pool of public
IP addresses. NAT is used when the number of users who want to access the
Internet is fixed. This is also very costly as the organization has to buy many global
IP addresses to make a pool.

• Port Address Translation (PAT) – This is also known as NAT overload. In this,
many local (private) IP addresses can be translated to a single registered IP address.
Port numbers are used to distinguish the traffic i.e., which traffic belongs to which
IP address. This is most frequently used as it is cost-effective as thousands of users
can be connected to the Internet by using only one real global (public) IP address.
ADVANTAGES OF NAT –
• NAT conserves legally registered IP addresses.

• It provides privacy as the device’s IP address, sending and receiving the

traffic, will be hidden.

• Eliminates address renumbering when a network evolves.

DISADVANTAGE OF NAT –
• Translation results in switching path delays.

• Certain applications will not function while NAT is enabled.

• Complicates tunnelling protocols such as IPsec.

• Also, the router being a network layer device, should not tamper with port
numbers(transport layer) but it has to do so because of NAT.
WHAT IS IPV4?

• IP stands for Internet Protocol and v4 stands for Version Four (IPv4). IPv4
was the primary version brought into action for production within the
ARPANET in 1983.
IP version four addresses are 32-bit integers which will be expressed in
decimal notation.
Example- 192.0.2.126 could be an IPv4 address.
PARTS OF IPV4
 Network part:
The network part indicates the distinctive variety that’s appointed to the
network. The network part conjointly identifies the category of the network
that’s assigned.
 Host Part:
The host part uniquely identifies the machine on your network. This part of
the IPv4 address is assigned to every host.
For each host on the network, the network part is the same, however, the host
half must vary.
 Subnet number:
This is the no obligatory part of IPv4. Local networks that have massive
numbers of hosts are divided into subnets and subnet numbers are appointed
to that.
Characteristics of IPv4
• IPv4 could be a 32-Bit IP Address.
• IPv4 could be a numeric address, and its bits are separated by a dot.
• The number of header fields is twelve and the length of the header field is
twenty.
• It has Unicast, broadcast, and multicast style of addresses.
• IPv4 supports VLSM (Virtual Length Subnet Mask).
• IPv4 uses the Post Address Resolution Protocol to map to the MAC address.
• RIP may be a routing protocol supported by the routed daemon.
• Networks ought to be designed either manually or with DHCP.
• Packet fragmentation permits from routers and causing host.
Advantages of IPv4
• IPv4 security permits encryption to keep up privacy and security.
• IPV4 network allocation is significant and presently has quite 85000
practical routers.
• It becomes easy to attach multiple devices across an outsized network while
not NAT.
• This is a model of communication so provides quality service also as
economical knowledge transfer.
• IPV4 addresses are redefined and permit flawless encoding.
• Routing is a lot of scalable and economical as a result of addressing is
collective more effectively.
• Data communication across the network becomes a lot of specific in
multicast organizations.
Limitations of IPv4
• IP relies on network layer addresses to identify end-points on network, and
each network has a unique IP address.
• The world’s supply of unique IP addresses is dwindling, and they might
eventually run out theoretically.
• If there are multiple host, we need IP addresses of next class.
• Complex host and routing configuration, non-hierarchical addressing,
difficult to re-numbering addresses, large routing tables, non-trivial
implementations in providing security, QoS (Quality of Service), mobility
and multi-homing, multicasting etc. are the big limitation of IPv4 so that’s
why IPv6 came into the picture.