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Language Basics

The document discusses the basic lexical structure and syntax rules of PHP, including comments, data types, variables, operators, and expressions. Key points covered are: PHP is case insensitive for keywords but case sensitive for variables; statements require a semicolon while blocks do not; whitespace does not matter; and there are several types of operators like arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators.

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Abhishek Singh
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25 views20 pages

Language Basics

The document discusses the basic lexical structure and syntax rules of PHP, including comments, data types, variables, operators, and expressions. Key points covered are: PHP is case insensitive for keywords but case sensitive for variables; statements require a semicolon while blocks do not; whitespace does not matter; and there are several types of operators like arithmetic, comparison, logical, and assignment operators.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Language Basics

Lexical structure
• The set of basic rules that governs how you
write programs in that language.
• It is the lowest-level syntax of the language
• Specifies such as
– what variable names look like,
– what characters are used for comments,
– and how program statements are separated from
each other.
• Case Sensitivity
– The names of user-defined classes and functions,
as well as built-in constructs and keywords such as
echo, while, class, etc., are case-insensitive
– Variables, on the other hand, are case-sensitive
• A statement
– A statement is a collection of PHP code that does something

• Use of semicolon in PHP


if ($needed) {
echo "We must have it!"; // semicolon required here
} // no semicolon required here

<?php
if ($a == $b) { echo "Rhyme? And Reason?"; }
echo "Hello, world" // no semicolon required before closing
tag
?>
• Whitespaces and line breaks
– Whitespace doesn’t matter in a PHP program

• Comments
– Shell style comments (# )
(Unix shell scripting Languages)
– C++ comments (// )
– C comments (/* */)
• Literals
– A literal is a data value that appears directly in a
program
• Identifiers
– In PHP, identifiers are used to name variables,
functions, constants, and classes.
• Keywords
– A word reserved by the language for its core
functionality—you cannot give a variable,
function, class, or constant the same name as a
keyword. Case insensitive in PHP.
Keywords
Data Types
PHP provides eight types of values, or data
types.
– Four are scalar (single-value) types: integers,
floating-point numbers, strings, and Booleans.
– Two are compound (collection) types: arrays and
objects.
– The remaining two are special types: resource and
NULL
Variables
• Variables in PHP are identifiers prefixed with a dollar sign
($). For example:
$name
$Age
$_debugging
$MAXIMUM_IMPACT

• A variable may hold a value of any type. There is no compile-


time or runtime type checking on variables. You can replace
a variable’s value with another of a different type
Variable Scope
• Local
• Global
• Static
• Function Parameters
Operators and Expressions
• Expression
– An expression is a bit of PHP that can be evaluated
to produce a value.
– The simplest expressions are literal values and
variables.
– A literal value evaluates to itself, while a variable
evaluates to the value stored in the variable.
– More complex expressions can be formed using
simple expressions and operators.
• Operator
– An operator takes some values (the operands) and
does something (for instance, adds them
together).
– Operators are written as punctuation symbols, for
instance, the ‘+’and ‘-’ familiar to us from math.
– Some operators modify their operands, while
most do not.
• Operators
– Unary
• Single operand e.g. ++x, +x etc
– Binary
• Two operands e.g. x+y, x<=y etc
– Ternary
• Used as a conditional statement
e.g.
if(x>y)?echo “X is larger”:echo “y is larger”;
Operators and Expressions

•Precedence
– The order in which operators in an expression are
evaluated depends on their relative precedence
•Associativity
– Associativity defines the order in which operators
with the same order of precedence are evaluated
Implicit casting
• Arithmetic Operator
– (+, -, *, /, %)
– Arithmetic negation (-3)
– Arithmetic assertion (+3)
• String concatenation (.)
• Auto increment and auto decrement
• Comparison operator
– >, >=, <, <=
• Following
• Logical Operators
– Logical AND (&&, and)
– Logical OR (||, or)
– Logical XOR (xor)
– Logical XOR (xor)
– Logical negation (!)
Casting Operators
• Although PHP is a weakly typed language, there are
occasions when it’s useful to consider a value as a
specific type.
• The casting operators allow you to force a value into
a particular type.
Assignment Operators

• Assignment (=)
• Assignment with operation (shorthand)
– Arithmetic (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=)
– Bitwise (~=, &=, |=)
– Concatenate-equal (.=)

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