STRUCTURA

L THEORY
Engr. Jake Maramot
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
CONTENTS

 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
 ANALYTICAL MODELS
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 Since the dawn of history, structural engineering has been anessential part of
human endeavour. However, it was not until about the middle of the
seventeenth century that engineers began applying the knowledge of
mechanics (mathematicsandscience) in designing structures. Earlier
engineering structures were designed by trial and error and by using rules of
thumb based on past experience. The fact that some of the magnificent
structures from earlier eras, such as Egyptian pyramids (about 3000B.C.),
Greek temples (500-200B.C.), Roman coliseums and aqueducts( 200B.C.
A.D.200), and Gothic cathedrals (A.D.1000–1500), still stand today is a
testimonial to the ingenuity of their builders
 STRUCTURES OF EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

The Great Pyramid of Giza

The Parthenon
Constructed during the Egyptian
Civilization as the resting place of the It was built in the mid-5th century BCE and Notre Dame Cathedral
Pharaoh dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena An example of Gothic Structures
Parthenos. Considered as a Holy place in that are mostly seen in Europe
Greek Civilization.

Roman Colosseum
the largest amphitheatre built during the
Roman Empire
GALILEO GALILEI

 GalileoGalilei(1564 -1642 ) is generally considered to be the originator of the theory

of structures.
 In his book entitled TwoNewSciences, which was published in 1638, Galileo
analyzed the failure of some simple structures, including cantilever beams.
 Although Galileo’s predictions of strengths of beams were only approximate, his work
laid the foundation for future developments in the theory of structures and ushered in
a new era of structural engineering, in which the analytical principles of mechanics
and strength of materials would have a major influence on the design of structures.
 2ND HALF of 17th–18thCENTURY

Robert Hooke Johann Bernoulli Leonhard Euler

Sir Isaac Newton (1707–1783)
(1635–1703) (1667–1748)
(1642–1727)
developed the law of linear formulated the principle of virtual developed the theory of buckling
relationships between the force formulated the laws of motion and work of columns
and deformation of materials developed calculus
(Hooke’s law)
2ND HALF of 17th – 18th CENTURY

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
(1736–1806)
presented the analysis of bending of elastic beams.
 19th CENTURY

BernoîtPaul James Clerk Heinrich

Claude-Louis-
Émile Maxwell Müller-
Marie Navier
Clapeyron (1831–1879) Breslau
(1785–1836)
(1799–1864) presented the method of (1851–1925)
published a treatise on elastic consistent deformations and
behavior of structures in 1826, formulated the three- the law of reciprocal Presented a principle for
which is considered to be the moment equation for the deflections constructing influence
first textbook on the modern analysis of continuous lines
theory of strength of materials. beams
19th CENTURY

Charles Ezra
Greene
(1842–1903)
developed the moment-area
method
 20th CENTURY
HardyCross
(1885–1959)
Who eveloped themoment-distribution method in 1924. The moment
distribution method provided engineers with a simple iterative procedure for
analyzing highly statically indeterminate structures. This method, which was
the most widely used by structural engineers during the period from about
1930 to 1970, contributed significantly to their understanding of the
behavior of statically indeterminate frames. Many structures designed during
that period, such as high rise buildings, would not have been possible
without the availability of the moment distribution method.
George A.
Maney COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Theavailabilityofcomputersinthe1950srevolutionizedstructuralanalysis.Becauseth
(1888–1947)
ecomputercouldsolvelargesystemsofsimultaneousequations,analysesthattookdaysa
Developed the slope- ndsometimesweeksintheprecomputereracouldnowbeperformedinseconds.Thedeve
deflection method, which is lopmentofthecurrentcomputer-
considered to be the orientedmethodsofstructuralanalysiscanbeattributedto,amongothers,J.H.Argyris,R.
precursor of the matrix W.Clough,S.Kelsey,R.K.Livesley,H.C.Martin,M.T.Turner,E.L.Wilson,andO.C.Zie
stiffness method nkiewicz.
ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

 Structural engineering is the science and art of planning, designing, and

constructing safe and economical structures that will serve their intended
purposes.
 Structural analysis is an integral part of any structural engineering project, its function being
the prediction of the performance of the proposed structure.
Phases of a Typical Structural Engineering
Project
Phases of a Typical Structural Engineering
Project

 PlanningPhase
The planning phase usually involves the establishment of the functional requirements of the
proposed structure, the general layout and dimensions of the structure, consideration of the
possible types of structures (e.g., rigid frame or truss) that maybe feasible and the types of
materials to be used (e.g., structural steel or reinforced concrete). This phase may also involve
consideration of non structural factors, such as aesthetics, environmental impact of the
structure, and soon. The outcome of this phase is usually a structural system that meets the
functional requirements and is expected to be the most economical. This phase is perhaps the
most crucial one of the entire project and requires experience and knowledge of construction
practices in addition to a thorough understanding of the behavior of structures.
Phases of a Typical Structural Engineering
Project
 Preliminary Structural Design
In the preliminary structural design phase, the sizes of the various members of the structural
system selected in the planning phase are estimated based on approximate analysis, past
experience, and code requirements. The member sizes thus selected are used in the next phase
to estimate the weight of the structure.
 Estimation of Loads
Estimation of loads involves determination of all the loads that can be expected to act on the
structure
 Structural Analysis
In structural analysis, the values of the loads are used to carry out an analysis of the structure
in order to determine the stresses or stress resultants in the members and the deflections at
various points of the structure.
Phases of a Typical Structural Engineering
Project
 Safety and Serviceability Checks
The results of the analysis are used to determine whether or not the structure satisfies the safety
and serviceability requirements of the design codes. If these requirements are satisfied, then
the design drawings and the construction specifications are prepared, and the construction
phase begins.
 Revised Structural Design
If the code requirements are not satisfied, then the member sizes are revised, and phases 3
through 5 are repeated until all the safety and serviceability requirements are satisfied.
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
 Tension Structures
 Compression Structures
 Trusses
 Shear Structures
 Bending Structures
 Tension Structures
 The members of tension structures are subjected to pure tension under the action of external
loads. Because the tensile stress is distributed uniformly over the cross sectional are as of
members, the material of such as tructure is utilized in the most efficient manner. Tension
structures composed of flexible steel cables are frequently employed to support bridges
and long-span roofs. Because of their flexibility, cables have negligible bending stiffness and
can develop only tension. Thus, under external loads, a cable adopts a shape that enables it to
support the load by tensile forces alone. In other words, the shape of a cable changes as the
loads acting on it change.
Tension Structures

Typical Parts of a Suspension Bridge

COMPRESSION STRUCTURES
 Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of external
loads. Two common examples of such structures are columns and arches. Columns are
straight members subjected to axially compressive loads. When a straight member is
subjected to lateral loads and/or moments in addition to axial loads, it is called a beam-
column.
 An arch is a curved structure, with a shape similar to that of an inverted cable. Such
structures are frequently used to support bridges and long-span roofs. Arches develop
mainly compressive stresses when subjected to loads and are usually designed so that they
will develop only compression under a major design loading. However, because arches are
rigid and cannot change their shapes as can cables, other loading conditions usually
produce secondary bending and shear stresses in these structures, which, if significant,
should be considered in their designs.
 Because compression structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of
such a failure should be considered in their designs; if necessary, a dequate bracing must be
provided to avoid such failures.
TRUSS STRUCTURES
 Trusses are composed of straight members connected at thei rends by hinged connections
to form a stable configuration. When the loads are applied to a truss only at the joints, its
members either elongate or shorten. Thus, the members of an ideal truss are always either
in uniform tension or in uniform compression. Real trusses are usually constructed by
connecting members to gusset plates by bolted or welded connections. Although the rigid
joints thus formed cause some bending in the member sofa truss when it is loaded, in most
cases such secondary bending stresses are small, and the assumption of hinged joints yields
satisfactory designs.
 TRUSS STRUCTURES

Roof Frames are Made of Truss

Because of its Lightweight Properties
The members of the truss are
Connected to the Gusset Plates
by Group of Bolts
SHEAR STRUCTURES
 Shearstructures,suchasreinforcedconcreteshearwalls,areusedinmultistorybuildingstoredu
celateralmovementsduetowindloadsandearthquakeexcitations.Shearstructuresdevelopmainl
yinplaneshear,withrelativelysmallbendingstressesundertheactionofexternalloads.

Shear Walls in the BUILDING

BENDING STRUCTURES
 Bending structures develop mainly bending stresses under the action of external loads. In
some structures, the shear stresses associated with the changes in bending moments may also
be significant and should be considered in their designs.

 Different Types of Bending Structures:

1.Beams
2.Rigid Frames
3.Slabs
4.Plates and Shells
BENDING STRUCTURES
Beams
a straight member that is loaded perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis

Rigid Frames
composed of straight members connected together
either by rigid (moment-resisting) connections or by hinged
connections to form stable configurations.
ANALYTICAL MODELS
 An analytical model is a simplified representation of a real structure for the purpose of
analysis. Development of the model generally involves:
(1) determination of whether or not the structure can be treated as a plane structure
(2) construction of the line diagram of the structure
(3) idealization of connections
(4) Idealization of the supports
 CONTENT SOURCE
Kassimali, Aslam (2015). Structural Analysis (5thEd.). Stamford, CT., USA. Cengage
Learning. pp 3 –16.