Starting Out with Java Control Structures

Through Objects
Eighth Edition

Chapter 1
Introduction to
Computers and Java

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Chapter Topics
• Chapter 1 discusses the following main topics:
– Introduction
– Why Program?
– Computer Systems: Hardware and Software
– Programming Languages
– What Is a Program Made Of?
– The Programming Process
– Object-Oriented Programming

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Java History
• 1991 - Green Team started by Sun Microsystems (now
owned by Oracle).
• *7 Handheld controller for multiple entertainment
systems.
• There was a need for a programming language that
would run on various devices.
• Java (first named Oak) was developed for this purpose.

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Introduction
• Java enabled web browser (HotJava) demonstrated at
1995 Sun World conference.
• Java incorporated into Netscape shortly after.
• Java is “cross platform”, meaning that it can run on
various computer operating systems.

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Java Applications and Applets
• Java programs can be of two types:
– Applications
▪ Stand-alone programs that run without the aid of a
web browser.
▪ Relaxed security model since the user runs the
program locally.
– Applets
▪ Small applications that require the use of a Java
enabled web browser to run.
▪ Enhanced security model since the user merely
goes to a web page and the applet runs itself.
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Why Program? (1 of 3)
• Computers are tools that can be programmed to perform
many functions, such as:
– spreadsheets
– databases
– word processing
– games
– etc.
• Computers are versatile because they can be programmed.
• Computer Programmers implement programs that perform
these functions.

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Why Program? (2 of 3)
• Aspects of a computer program that must be designed:
– The logical flow of the instructions
– The mathematical procedures
– The layout of the programming statements
– The appearance of the screens
– The way information is presented to the user
– The program’s “user friendliness”
– Manuals, help systems, and/or other forms of written
documentation.

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Why Program? (3 of 3)
• Programs must be analytically correct as well.
• Programs rarely work the first time they are programmed.
• Programmers must perform the following on a continual
basis:
– analyze,
– experiment,
– correct, and
– redesign.
• Programming languages have strict rules, known as
syntax, that must be carefully followed.
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Computer Systems: Hardware (1 of 2)
• Computer hardware components are the physical pieces
of the computer.
• The major hardware components of a computer are:
– The central processing unit (CPU)
– Main memory
– Secondary storage devices
– Input and Output devices

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Computer Systems: Hardware (2 of 2)

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Computer Systems: Hardware
Central Processing Unit (1 of 2)

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Computer Systems: Hardware
Central Processing Unit (2 of 2)
• The CPU performs the fetch, decode, execute cycle in order to
process program information.

The CPU’s control unit fetches,

from main memory, the next
instruction in the sequence of
program instructions.

The instruction is encoded in the

form of a number. The control unit
decodes the instruction and
generates an electronic signal.

The signal is routed to the appropriate component of the computer

(such as the ALU, a disk drive, or some other device). The signal
causes the component to perform an operation.
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Computer Systems: Hardware
Main Memory (1 of 3)
• Commonly known as random-access memory (RAM)
• RAM contains:
– currently running programs
– data used by those programs.
• RAM is divided into units called bytes.
• A byte consists of eight bits that may be either on or off.

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Computer Systems: Hardware
Main Memory (2 of 3)
• A bit is either on or off:
– 1 = on
– 0 = off
• The bits form a pattern that
represents a character or a number.
• Each byte in memory is assigned a
unique number known as an
address.
• RAM is volatile, which means that
when the computer is turned off, the
contents of RAM are erased.

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Computer Systems: Hardware
Main Memory (3 of 3)
Main memory can be visualized as a column or row of cells.

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Computer Systems: Hardware
Secondary Storage Devices
• Secondary storage devices are capable of storing
information for longer periods of time (non-volatile).
• Common Secondary Storage devices:
– Disk drive
– External drive
– CD drive
– Solid state drive
– USB drive
– DVD drive

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Computer Systems: Hardware
Input Devices
• Input is any data the computer collects from the outside
world.
• That data comes from devices known as input devices.
• Common input devices:
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Scanner
– Digital camera

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Computer Systems: Hardware
Output Devices
• Output is any data the computer sends to the outside
world.
• That data is displayed on devices known as output
devices.
• Common output devices:
– Monitors
– Printers
• Some devices such as disk drives perform input and
output and are called I/O devices (input/output).

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Computer Systems: Software
• Software refers to the programs that run on a computer.
• There are two classifications of software:
– Operating Systems
– Application Software

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Computer Systems: Software
Operating Systems (1 of 2)
• An operating system is a set of programs that manages
the computer’s hardware devices and controls their
processes.
• Most all modern operating systems are multitasking.

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Computer Systems: Software
Operating Systems (2 of 2)
• A multitasking operating system is capable of running
multiple programs at once.
– Unix
– Linux
– macOS
– Windows
• The technique is called time sharing.
• A multitasking system divides the allocation of hardware
resources and the attention of the CPU among all the
executing programs.

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Computer Systems: Software
Application Software
• Application software refers to programs that make the
computer useful to the user.
• Application software provides a more specialized type of
environment for the user to work in.
• Common application software:
– Spreadsheets
– Word processors
– Accounting software
– Tax software
– Games
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Programming Languages (1 of 6)
• A program is a set of instructions a computer follows in
order to perform a task.
• A programming language is a special language used to
write computer programs.
• A computer program is a set of instructions that enable
the computer to solve a problem or perform a task.
• Collectively, these instructions form an algorithm

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Programming Languages (2 of 6)
• An algorithm is a set of well defined steps to completing
a task.
• The steps in an algorithm are performed sequentially.
• A computer needs the algorithm to be written in
machine language.
• Machine language is written using binary numbers.
• The binary numbering system (base 2) only has two
digits (0 and 1).

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Programming Languages (3 of 6)
• The binary numbers are encoded as a machine
language.
• Each CPU has its own machine language.
– Motorola 68000 series processors
– Intel x86 series processors
– ARM processors, etc.
• Example of a machine language instruction:
– 1011010000000101

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Programming Languages (4 of 6)
• In the distant past, programmers wrote programs in
machine language.
• Programmers developed higher level programming
languages to make things easier.
• The first of these was assembler.
• Assembler made things easier but was also processor
dependent.

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Programming Languages (5 of 6)
• High level programming languages followed that
were not processor dependent.
• Some common programming languages:

Java C Visual Basic

BASIC C++ Python
Go C# Ruby
Rust PHP JavaScript

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Programming Languages
Common Language Elements
• There are some concepts that are common to virtually all
programming languages.
• Common concepts:
– Key words
– Operators
– Punctuation
– Programmer-defined identifiers
– Strict syntactic rules.

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Programming Languages
Sample Program (1 of 2)
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String message = "Hello World";
System.out.println(message);
}
}

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Programming Languages
Sample Program (2 of 2)
• Key words in the sample program are:
– public
– class
– static
– void
• Key words are lower case (Java is a case sensitive
language).
• Key words cannot be used as a programmer-defined
identifier.

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Programming Languages (6 of 6)
• Semi-colons are used to end Java statements;
however, not all lines of a Java program end a
statement.
• Part of learning Java is to learn where to properly use
the punctuation.

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Programming Languages
Lines v s Statements
ersu

• There are differences between lines and statements

when discussing source code.

System.out.println(
message);

• This is one Java statement written using two lines. Do

you see the difference?
• A statement is a complete Java instruction that causes
the computer to perform an action.

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Programming Languages
Variables (1 of 3)
• Data in a Java program is stored in memory.
• Variable names represent a location in memory.
• Variables in Java are sometimes called fields.
• Variables are created by the programmer who assigns it a
programmer-defined identifier.

example: int hours = 40;

• In this example, the variable hours is created as an

integer (more on this later) and assigned the value of 40.

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Programming Languages
Variables (2 of 3)
• Variables are simply a name given to represent a place
in memory.

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Programming Languages
Variables (3 of 3)
The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) actually decides where the value will
be placed in memory.

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The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine (1 of 4)
• A programmer writes Java programming statements for
a program.
• These statements are known as source code.
• A text editor is used to edit and save a Java source
code file.
• Source code files have a .java file extension.
• A compiler is a program that translates source code
into an executable form.

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The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine (2 of 4)
• A compiler is run using a source code file as input.
• Syntax errors that may be in the program will be
discovered during compilation.
• Syntax errors are mistakes that the programmer has
made that violate the rules of the programming
language.
• The compiler creates another file that holds the
translated instructions.

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The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine (3 of 4)
• Most compilers translate source code into executable
files containing machine code.
• The Java compiler translates a Java source file into a file
that contains byte code instructions.
• Byte code instructions are the machine language of the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and cannot be directly
executed directly by the CPU.

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The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine (4 of 4)
• Byte code files end with the .class file extension.
• The JVM is a program that emulates a micro-processor.
• The JVM executes instructions as they are read.
• JVM is often called an interpreter.
• Java is often referred to as an interpreted language.

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Program Development Process

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Portability (1 of 3)
• Portable means that a program may be written on one type of
computer and then run on a wide variety of computers, with little or
no modification.
• Java byte code runs on the J VM and not on any particular C PU;
therefore, compiled Java programs are highly portable.
• JVMs exist on many platforms:
– Windows
– macOS
– Linux
– Unix
– BSD
– Etc.

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Portability (2 of 3)
• With most programming languages, portability is
achieved by compiling a program for each CPU it will
run on.
• Java provides an JVM for each platform so that
programmers do not have to recompile for different
platforms.

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Portability (3 of 3)

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Java Versions
• The software you use to write Java programs is called
the Java Development Kit, or JDK.
• The commercial version of the JDK is available for
download at

http://java.oracle.com
• The open source version, known as OpenJDK, is
available for download at

http://jdk.java.net

• See Appendix E for instructions

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Compiling a Java Program
• The Java compiler is a command line utility.
• The command to compile a program is:

javac filename.java

• javac is the Java compiler.

• The .java file extension must be used.
– Example: To compile a java source code file named
Payroll.java you would use the command:

javac Payroll.java

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Running a Java Program
• To run a compiled Java program, use the java
command:
java ClassFilename
• ClassFilename is the name of the .class file; however,
you do not type the .class extension.
– Example: To run the program stored in the file
Payroll.class you would use the command:
java Payroll

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Single Command Compilation and
Execution
• If you are using Java 11 or later, you can use the java
command to compile and execute a single-file program.
• Example:
– To compile a java source code file named
Payroll.java and immediately execute it:

java Payroll.java

• This technique compiles the program in memory and

does not create a .class file on the disk.

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The Programming Process (1 of 2)
1. Clearly define what the program is to do.
2. Visualize the program running on the computer.
3. Use design tools to create a model of the program.
4. Check the model for logical errors.

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The Programming Process (2 of 2)
5. Enter the code and compile it.
6. Correct any errors found during compilation.
Repeat Steps 5 and 6 as many times as necessary.
7. Run the program with test data for input.
8. Correct any runtime errors found while running the program.

Repeat Steps 5 through 8 as many times as necessary.

9. Validate the results of the program.

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Software Engineering (1 of 3)
• Encompasses the whole process of crafting computer
software.
• Software engineers perform several tasks in the development
of complex software projects.
– designing,
– writing,
– testing,
– debugging,
– documenting,
– modifying, and
– maintaining.

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Software Engineering (2 of 3)
• Software engineers develop:
– program specifications,
– diagrams of screen output,
– diagrams representing the program components and
the flow of data,
– pseudocode,
– examples of expected input and desired output.

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Software Engineering (3 of 3)
• Software engineers also use special software designed
for testing programs.
• Most commercial software applications are large and
complex.
• Usually a team of programmers, not a single individual,
develops them.
• Program requirements are thoroughly analyzed and
divided into subtasks that are handled by
– individual teams
– individuals within a team.

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Procedural Programming (1 of 3)
• Older programming languages were procedural.
• A procedure is a set of programming language
statements that, together, perform a specific task.
• Procedures typically operate on data items that are
separate from the procedures.
• In a procedural program, the data items are commonly
passed from one procedure to another.

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Procedural Programming (2 of 3)

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Procedural Programming (3 of 3)
• In procedural programming, procedures are developed
to operate on the program’s data.
• Data in the program tends to be global to the entire
program.
• Data formats might change and thus, the procedures
that operate on that data must change.

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Object-Oriented Programming (1 of 4)
• Object-oriented programming is centered on creating
objects rather than procedures.
• Objects are a melding of data and procedures that
manipulate that data.
• Data in an object are known as attributes.
• Procedures in an object are known as methods.

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Object-Oriented Programming (2 of 4)

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Object-Oriented Programming (3 of 4)
• Object-oriented programming combines data and
behavior via encapsulation.
• Data hiding is the ability of an object to hide data from
other objects in the program.
• Only an objects methods should be able to directly
manipulate its attributes.
• Other objects are allowed manipulate an object’s
attributes via the object’s methods.
• This indirect access is known as a programming
interface.
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Object-Oriented Programming (4 of 4)

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