BIOLOGY CSEC

EXCRETION & OSMOREGULATION

 5. EXCRETION
5.1 distinguish between egestion and excretion.
5.2 discuss the importance of excretion in living organisms.
5.3 states how metabolic wastes are excreted from plants
and animals.
5.4 relate the kidney to its osmoregulatory and excretory
functions.

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 What is metabolism?

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 What is metabolism?

Metabolism can be defined as the total

sum of all the chemical reactions going
on in the cells.

These metabolic reactions are what

produce waste products which we term
excretory products.

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What is metabolism?

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 What is excretion?

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What is excretion?
Excretion is the removal of waste/
excretory products.

Excretory products can slow down the

rate of metabolism as they are toxic and
if they accumulate can damage and kill
cells.

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 WHAT IS EGESTION?

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 WHAT IS EGESTION/
DEFECATION?
Ejection is the removal of undigested
food. (feces)

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 EXCRETION VS EGESTION

Egestion Excretion

The procedure entails eliminating undigested

waste products and food from the organism's The procedure entails eliminating waste from an
body. organism's cells.

Undigested food and other harmful substances

leftover from digestion are referred to as Metabolic wastes, such as carbon dioxide or
discharged materials. oxygen, are the discharged materials.

Egestion is primarily accomplished through the The urethra, the nose, and the skin are all used for
anus or mouth. (Animals like jellyfish use their excretion.
mouths to both eat and expel waste.)

Egestion is a process that only animals go Excretion is a process that occurs in both plants
through. and mammals.

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 Waste Products in Animals vs Plants
• PLANTS • ANIMALS
1. Oxygen: produced in photosynthesis. 1. CO2: produced in respiration.
2. CO2: produced in respiration. 2. Water: produced in respiration.
3. Water: produced in respiration. 3. Nitrogenous compounds:
4. Organic waste products such as produced by the deamination of
tannins, alkaloids, anthocyanins and amino acids in the liver. E.g. urea,
salts of organic acids such as calcium ammonia (most toxic) uric acid
oxalate. (least toxic)
4. Bile pigments: bilirubin is
NOTE: Plants don’t have an excretory produced by breakdown of
organ. So o2,co2 and water vapour haemoglobin from red blood cells
diffuse out the stomata of leaves and in the liver.
lenticels of bark-covered stems and roots.
5. Heat: produced from metabolism.

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 Lenticel

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The Human
Excretory System
The Kidney

T
h
i
s
The Human Excretory Organs
• Kidney: excretes water, nitrogenous waste
(urea) and salts as urine.
• Lungs: excrete co2 and water vapour
during exhalation.
• Skin: excretes water, urea, and salts as
sweat. ( also heat)
• Liver: excretes bile pigments. (also makes
nitrogenous wastes.

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 THE KIDNEY
They excretory system in humans include
the organs kidneys.
The kidney and the major excretory and
osmoregulatory organs in mammals.

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 Urine is produced in the nephrons by two
processes: ultrafiltration or pressure
filtration and selective reabsorption.

• Ultra filtration occurs in the glomerulus.

1. The diameter of the capillary entering the
glomerulus from the atrial decreases
causing pressure of the blood to increase.
2. Small molecules are forced from the blood
into the bowman's capsule forming
filtrate. Filtrate contains glucose amino
acids hormones vitamins water salt and
urea.
3. Blood cells and large molecules example
plasma proteins remain in the blood.

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 Urine is produced in the nephrons by two
processes: ultrafiltration or pressure filtration
and selective reabsorption.

• Selective reabsorption.
1. This occurs in the nephrons Where useful
substances are reabsorbed from the
filtrate back into the blood traveling
through the capillaries wrapped around
each nephron.
2. Glucose amino acids hormones vitamins
some water and some salts are reabsorbed
in the first convoluted tubule.
3. Some water is reabsorbed in the loop of
Henley
4. some salts and water are reabsorbed in the
second convoluted tubule.
5. Water is reabsorbed by osmosis the other
substances are reabsorbed by diffusion
and active transport.

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 • Filtrate containing urea excess water and
excess salts enters the collecting ducks
where some water can be reabsorbed from
it by osmosis.
• At this point the filtrate is now referred to
as urine and travels down the collecting
duct into the ureter and then to the bladder
where it is stored

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 OSMOREGULATION
Osmo regulation is the control
of the amount of water in the
blood.
Essentially it regulates the
concentration of blood plasma
and body fluids.
As a result, this process
prevents water moving into
and out of the cells of the body
unnecessarily.
Because the blood is constantly
in close contact with all cells of
the body this means that the
kidneys control the amount of
water in the body.
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 OSMOREGULATION
If the body fluids become too dilute water enters body cells by osmosis.
If the body fluids become too concentrated water leaves the body cells by osmosis.

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 OSMOREGULATION

Gain Lost

By drinking From the kidney and urine

By eating From the skin in sweat

By metabolic water which is produced by From the respiratory system during

cells during respiration exhalation hi

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 OSMOREGULATION & THE KIDNEY
The kidney functions by regulating the concentration of body fluids by controlling how
much water is reabsorbed into the blood plasma after selective reabsorption. This is a
determinant factor in how much water is lost URINE.

The body could have:

1. Concentrated body fluids.

2. Dilute body fluids.

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 Kidney Failure
Kidney failure occurs when the nephrons
stop functioning properly so that they are
unable to remove the waste from the
blood and regulate the volume and
composition of blood pass plasma and
body fluids.

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 Review Q&A
1a i. Distinguish between excretion ii. Why is excretion important in
and egestion. (2) living organisms? (2)

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 Review Q&A
1a i. Distinguish between excretion ii. Why is excretion important in
and egestion. (2) living organisms? (2)
• Excretion: The removal of Excretory products are toxic and slow
excretory/waste products. down the metabolic rate. If it is
allowed to build up in the body, the
result is cell damage and cell death.
• Egestion: Also known as defecation
is the removal of undigested food
from the body.

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 Review Q&A
iii. Identify 4 excretory products in iv. Outline how plants excrete the
plants. products name named in three.

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 Review Q&A
iii. Identify 4 excretory product in iv. Outline how plants excrete the
plants.(4) products named in iii.
1. Nitrogenous Waste 1.
2. Calcium Oxalate 2&8 Stored in leaves, seeds, bark, fruit.
When the plant sheds these parts the
3. Oxygen waste is removed.
4. Tannins 3. Converts CO2 to Oxygen where
5. Resins oxygen diffuses out of plant via
stomata.
6. Latexes
5 &6& 7 are formed apart of a defence
7. Nicotine mechanism against external factors e.g.
8. Caffein pests. The plant produces them as a
response to injury and act as physical
barriers.
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 Review Q&A
v. Think the following excretory products in
humans with the organs that excrete them. .
…………. Skin ……….

Bile pigments Liver Urea

Salt Kidneys Heat

Carbon lungs water

dioxide

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 Review Q&A
v. Think the following excretory products in
humans with the organs that excrete them. .
…………. Skin ……….

Bile pigments Liver Urea

Salt Kidneys Heat

Carbon lungs water

dioxide

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 Review Q&A
vii. What is the name of the process
by which the liver produces urea .

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 Review Q&A
vi. From what does the liver produce
urea .
• proteins

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 Label the following diagram of the human
urinary system and it’s blood supply.

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 Label the diagram below showing a
nephron and it’s blood supply.

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 i. What fluid is flowing through part 11?
ii. Describe its composition.

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 What is osmoregulation and why is it important in living organisms?

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