Object Oriented Programming

(CSE 2202)
Chapter One and Two
Part-II
Control Statements,
Arrays and Strings

1
Objectives

At the end of this session students will be able to learn:

 Overview of Java statements

 If-else statements

 Switch statement

 For loop

 while and do-while loops

 Arrays and String Manipulation

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 Control Flow Statements
 Control flow statements govern the flow of control in a program
during execution, that is, the order in which statements are
executed in a running program.
 There are three main categories of control flow statements :
 Selection statements: if, if-else and switch.
 Iteration statements: while, do-while and for.
 Transfer statements: break, continue, return, try-catch and
finally.

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 If Statement:-This is a control statement to execute a single
statement or a block of code, when the given condition is true and
if it is false then it skips if block and rest code of program will
execute.

Syntax:

if(conditional_expression){
<statements>;
...;
...;
}

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import java.util.*;
public class Demoif
{
public static void main(String k[ ]){
Scanner t=new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println("plz enetr the integer value");
int x = t.nextInt();
char grade ;
if(x>= 85){
grade = 'A';
}
if(x >= 70 && x < 85){
grade = 'B';
}
System.out.println("x = " + x + " and grade = "+ grade);
}
}

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 If-else Statement:-The "if-else" statement is an extension of if
statement that provides another option when 'if' statement
evaluates to "false" i.e. else block is executed if "if" statement is
false.

Syntax:
if(conditional_expression)
{
<statements>;
...;
}
else
{
<statements>;
....;
}
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 Example:
int n = 11;
if(n%2 = = 0)
{
System.out.println("This is even number");
}
else
{
System.out.println("This is not even number");
}

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 Switch Statement:-This is an easier implementation to the if-else
statements.
 The keyword "switch" is followed by an expression that should
evaluate to byte, short, char or int primitive data types only.
 In a switch block there can be one or more labeled cases.
 The expression that creates labels for the case must be unique.
 Syntax:
switch(control_expression) {
case expression 1:
<statement>;
break;
case expression 2:
<statement>;
break;
...
default:
<statement>;
break;
}
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 int day = 2;
switch (day) { case 7:
case 1: System.out.println("Sunday");
System.out.println("Monday"); break;
break; default:
case 2: System.out.println("Invalid entry");
System.out.println("Tuesday"); break;
break; }
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thrusday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;

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Iteration statements: while, do-while and for
 The process of repeatedly executing a block of statements is
known as looping.
 In looping, sequence of statements are executed until some certain
condition for the termination of loop is satisfied.
 Java provides three types of loops

I. for loop
II. while loop
III. do..while loop

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 while loop- is a control structure that allows you to repeat a task
a certain number of times.
The syntax for a while loop is:

initialization;
while (test condition)
{
Body of loop;
}
int x = 1;
while(x <= 5)
{
System.out.println(x);
x++;
}
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 do/while- loop is similar to a while loop, except that a
do/while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time.
 The syntax of a do/while loop is:
do
{
Body of loop;
}while( text condition);

int y = 1;
do
{
System.out.println(y);
y += 1;
}while(y <= 8);

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 for loop- is a repetition control structure that allows you to
efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of
times.
 The syntax of a for loop is:

for(initialization; test condition; increment/decrement)

{
Body of loop;
}
eg.-
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
System.out.println(i);
}

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 Jumping Statements
 break :-the break keyword can be used in any of the loop
control structures to cause the loop to terminate
immediately.
 When a break occurs, the flow of control will jump to the
next statement past the loop.
public class Break1{
public static void main(String H[]) {
int k = 1;
while(k <= 10)
{
System.out.println(k);
if(k == 6)
{
break;
}
k++;
}
System.out.println(“The final value of k is “ + k);
} 14
 Continue- keyword can be used in any of the loop control
structures.
 It causes the loop to immediately jump to the next iteration of the
loop means causes the early iteration of a loop.
 In a for loop, the continue keyword causes flow of control

to immediately jump to the update(increment/decrement)

statement.
 In a while loop or do/while loop, flow of control

immediately jumps to the boolean expression.

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public class Continue1{
public static void main(String [] args){
System.out.println(“The for loop”);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
if(i % 2 == 0) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
System.out.println(“The while loop”);
int j = 20;
do {
if(j % 3 != 0) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(j);
}while(j-- > 0);
} } 16
Arrays
 An array is a group of contiguous or related data items that share a
common name.
 is a container object that holds a fixed number of values of a single
type.
 Unlike C++, in Java arrays are created dynamically.
 An array can hold only one type of data!
Example:
int[] can hold only integers
char[] can hold only characters
 A particular values in an array is indicated by writing a number called

index number or subscript in brackets after the array name.

Example:
slaray[10] represents salary of the 10th employee.

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Contd…
 The length of an array is established when the array is created.
After creation, its length is fixed.
 Each item in an array is called an element, and each element is
accessed by its numerical index.

 Array indexing starts from 0 and ends at n-1, where n is

the size of the array.

index values

primes[0] primes[1] primes[2] primes[3] primes[4] primes[9]

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One-Dimensional Arrays
 A list of items can be given one variable name using only one
subscript and such a variable is called a single-subscripted
variable or a one-dimensional array.
Creating an Array
 Like any other variables, arrays must be declared and created
in the computer memory before they are used.
 Array creation involves three steps:
1. Declare an array Variable
2. Create Memory Locations
3. Put values into the memory locations.

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Declaration of Arrays
 Arrays in java can be declared in two ways:
i. type arrayname [ ];
ii. type[ ]arrayname;
Example:
int number[];
float slaray[];
float[] marks;
 when creating an array, each element of the array receives a
default value zero (for numeric types) ,false for boolean and
null for references (any non primitive types).

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 Creation of Arrays
 After declaring an array, we need to create it in the memory.
 Because an array is an object, you create it by using the new
keyword as follows:
arrayname =new type[ size];
Example:
int []number;
float marks[];
number=new int[5];
float marks=new float[7];
 It is also possible to combine the above to steps , declaration
and creation, into on statement as follows:
type arrayname =new type[ size];
Example: int num[ ] = new int[10];
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 Initialization of Arrays
 Each element of an array needs to be assigned a value;
this process is known as initialization.
 Initialization of an array is done using the array subscripts as
follows:
 arrayname [subscript] = Value;
Example:
number [0]=23;
number[2]=40;
 Unlike C, java protects arrays from overruns and underruns.
 Trying to access an array beyond its boundaries will generate an
error.

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 Contd…
 Java generates an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException when
there is under run or over run.
 The Java interpreter checks array indices to ensure that they are
valid during execution.
 Arrays can also be initialized automatically in the same way as
the ordinary variables when they are declared, as shown below:
type arrayname [] = {list of Values};
Example:
int number[]= {35,40,23,67,49};

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Contd…
 It is also possible to assign an array object to another array
object.
Example:
int array1[]= {35,40,23,67,49};
int array2[];
array2= array1;

Array Length
 In Java, all arrays store the allocated size in a variable named
length.
 We can access the length of the array array1using array1.length.
Example:
int size = array1.length;

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 if (num[i] < num [j])
//sorting of a list of Numbers {
class Sorting //Interchange Values
{ int temp = num[i];
public static void main(String num [i] = num [j];
[ ]args)
{ num [j] = temp;
int num[ ]= {55, 40, 80, 12, 65, }
77}; }
int size = num.length;
}
System.out.print(“Given List:
“); System.out.print("SORTED LIST" );
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
{ {
System.out.print(" " + num[ i ]
); System.out.print(" " " + num [i]);
} }
System.out.print("\n"); System.out.println(" ");
//Sorting Begins }
for (int i=0; i<size; i++)
}
{ 25
Two-Dimensional Arrays
 A 2-dimensional array can be thought of as a grid (or matrix) of
values.
 Each element of the 2-D array is accessed by providing two
indexes: a row index and a column index
 A 2-D array is actually just an array of arrays.
 A multidimensional array with the same number of columns in
every row can be created with an array creation expression:
Example:
int myarray[][]= new int [3][4];

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Contd…
 Like the one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays may
be initialized by following their declaration with a list of initial
values enclosed in braces. For example,

int myarray[2][3]= {0,0,0,1,1,1};

or
int myarray[][]= {{0,0,0},{1,1,1}};
 We can refer to a value stored in a two-dimensional array by
using indexes for both the column and row of the corresponding
element. For Example,
int value = myarray[1][2];
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Contd…
//Application of two-dimensional Array
class MulTable{
final static int ROWS=12;
final static int COLUMNS=12;
public static void main(String [ ]args) {
int pro [ ] [ ]= new int [ROWS][COLUMNS];
int i=0,j=0;
System.out.print("MULTIPLICATION TABLE");
System.out.println(" ");
for (i=1; i<=ROWS; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=COLUMNS; j++)
{
pro [i][j]= i * j;
System.out.print(" "+ pro [i][j]);
}
System.out.println(" " );
}}}

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 Strings
 Strings represent a sequence of characters.
 The easiest way to represent a sequence of characters in Java is
by using a character:
char ch[ ]= new char[4];
ch[0] = ‘D’;
ch[1] = ‘a’;
ch[2] = ‘t;
ch[3] = ‘a;
 This is equivalent to String ch=“Hello”;
 Character arrays have the advantage of being able to query
their length.
 But they are not good enough to support the range of operations
we may like to perform on strings.
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Contd…
 In Java, strings are declared and created as follows:
String stringName;
stringName= new String(“String”);

Example:
String firstName;
firstName = new String(“Jhon”);
 The above two statements can be combined as follows:
String firstName= new String(“Jhon”);
 The length() method returns the length of a string.
Example: firstName.length(); //returns 4
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String Arrays
 It is possible to create and use arrays that contain strings as
follows:
String arrayname[] = new String[size];

Example:
String item[]= new String[3];
item[0]= “Orange”;
item[1]= “Banana”;
item[2]= “Apple”;
 It is also possible to assign a string array object to another
string array object.
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String Methods
1. The length(); method returns the length of the string.
Eg: System.out.println(“Hello”.length()); // prints 5
 The + operator is used to concatenate two or more strings.
Eg: String myname = “Harry”
String str = “My name is” + myname+ “.”;
2. The charAt(); method returns the character at the specified
index.
Syntax : public char charAt(int index)
Ex: char ch;
ch = “abc”.charAt(1); // ch = “b”

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Contd…
3. The equals(); method returns ‘true’ if two strings are equal.
Syntax : public boolean equals(Object anObject)
Ex: String str1=“Hello”,str2=“hello”;
(str1.equals(str2))? System.out.println(“Equal”); : System.out.println(“Not
Equal”); // prints Not Equal

4. The equalsIgnoreCase(); method returns ‘true’ if two strings

are equal, ignoring case consideration.
Syntax : public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String str)
Ex: String str1=“Hello”,str2=“hello”;
if (str1.equalsIgnoreCase(str2))
System.out.println(“Equal”);
System.out.println(“Not Equal”); // prints Equal as an output

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Contd…
5. The toLowerCase(); method converts all of the characters in a
String to lower case.
Syntax : public String toLowerCase( );
Ex: String str1=“HELLO THERE”;
System.out.println(str1.toLowerCase()); // prints hello there
6. The toUpperCase(); method converts all of the characters in a
String to upper case.
Syntax : : public String toUpperCase( );
Ex: System.out.println(“wel-come”.toUpperCase()); // prints WEL-COME
7. The trim(); method removes white spaces at the beginning and
end of a string.
Syntax : public String trim( );
Ex: System.out.println(“ wel-come ”.trim()); //prints wel-come
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Contd…
8. The replace(); method replaces all appearances of a given
character with another character.
Syntax : public String replace( ‘ch1’, ’ch2’);
Ex: String str1=“Hello”;
System.out.println(str1.replace(‘l’, ‘m’)); // prints Hemmo
9. compareTo(); method Compares two strings lexicographically.
 The result is a negative integer if the first String is less than the second
string.
 It returns a positive integer if the first String is greater than the second
string. Otherwise the result is zero.
Syntax : public int compareTo(String anotherString);
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str);
Ex: (“hello”.compareTo(“Hello”)==0) ? System.out.println(“Equal”); :
System.out.println(“Not Equal”); //prints Not Equal
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Contd…
10. The concat(); method concatenates the specified string to the end
of this string.
Syntax : public String concat(String str)
Ex: System.out.println("to".concat("get").concat("her“)); // returns
together
11. comparetTo(); method Compares two strings lexicographically.
 The result is a negative integer if the first String is less than the second
string.
 It returns a positive integer if the first String is greater than the second
string. Otherwise the result is zero.
Syntax : public int compareTo(String anotherString);
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str);
Ex: (“hello”.compareTo(“Hello”)==0) ? System.out.println(“Equla”); :
System.out.println(“Not Equal”); //prints Not Equal

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Contd…
12. The substring(); method creates a substring starting from the
specified index (nth character) until the end of the string or until
the specified end index.
Syntax : public String substring(int beginIndex);
public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex);
Ex: "smiles".substring(2); //returns "ile“
"smiles".substring(1, 5); //returns "mile“
13. The startsWith(); Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
Syntax: public boolean startsWith(String prefix);
Ex: “Figure”.startsWith(“Fig”); // returns true
14. The indexOf(); method returns the position of the first occurrence
of a character in a string either starting from the beginning of the
string or starting from a specific position.

37
Contd…
 public int indexOf(int ch); Returns the index of the first
occurrence of the character within this string starting from the
first position.
 public int indexOf(String str); - Returns the index of the first
occurrence of the specified substring within this string.
 public int indexOf(char ch, int n); - Returns the index of the first
occurrence of the character within this string starting from the
nth position.
Ex: String str = “How was your day
today?”;
str.indexOf(‘t’); // prints 17
str.indexOf(‘y’, 17); // prints 21
str.indexOf(“was”); // Prints 4
str.indexOf("day",10)); //Prints 13
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Contd…
15. The lastIndexOf(); method Searches for the last occurrence of a
character or substring.
The methods are similar to indexOf() method.
16. valueOf(); creates a string object if the parameter or converts the
parameter value to string representation if the parameter is a variable.
Syntax: public String valueOf(variable);
public String valueOf(variable);
Ex: char x[]={'H','e', 'l', 'l','o'};
System.out.println(String.valueOf(x));//prints Hello
System.out.println(String.valueOf(48.958)); // prints 48.958
17. endsWith(); Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
Syntax: public boolean endsWith(String suffix);
Ex: “Figure”.endsWith(“re”); // true

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Thank
Thank You
You ...
...

40