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7 Layers

The OSI model defines 7 layers for network communication: 1. The physical layer describes electrical and optical signals for communication. 2. The data link layer handles framing, addressing, error checking, and flow control between nodes. 3. The network layer uses logical addressing (IP addresses) to deliver packets to the correct network. 4. The transport layer handles reliable or unreliable delivery of data to the destination through packetization and error control.

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16 views31 pages

7 Layers

The OSI model defines 7 layers for network communication: 1. The physical layer describes electrical and optical signals for communication. 2. The data link layer handles framing, addressing, error checking, and flow control between nodes. 3. The network layer uses logical addressing (IP addresses) to deliver packets to the correct network. 4. The transport layer handles reliable or unreliable delivery of data to the destination through packetization and error control.

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Em Cee Perez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSI LAYER

Paano magpadala ng isang


sulat ?

Paano natatanggap?
What is a OSI ?
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
THE OSI MODEL
 Established in 1947, the International Organization for
Standardization(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all
aspects of network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
 Note:
◦ ISO is the organization.
◦ OSI is the model.

2.5
OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION
• The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the OSI
(Open Systems Interconnection) model. It divides network
communication into seven layers.

• Layers 1-4 are considered the lower layers, and mostly concern
themselves with moving data around.

• Layers 5-7, the upper layers, contain application-level data. Networks


operate on one basic principle: "pass it on." Each layer takes care of a
very specific job, and then passes the data onto the next layer.
Seven layers of the OSI model

2.7
Layer 1. Physical Layer
• describe the electrical or optical signals used for communication.
• - optical” –involving the use of devices that get information for a computer
by identifying patterns of light.

• is only concerned with the physical characteristics of electrical or optical


signaling techniques which includes the voltage of the electrical current
used to transport the signal, the media type (Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable,
Optical Fiber etc),

• Layer one is simply wiring, fiber, network cards, and anything else that is
used to make two network devices communicate.
DATA LAYER – LAYER 2

•Datalink layer is responsible for


providing end-to-end validity of the
data being transmitted. The Data Link
Layer is logically divided into two
sublayers, The Media Access Control
(MAC) Sublayer and the Logical Link
Control (LLC) Sublayer.
LAYER 2 –DATA LINK LAYER
• Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer determines the physical addressing
of the hosts. The MAC sub-layer maintains
MAC addresses (physical device addresses) for communicating with other
devices on the network. MAC addresses are burned into the network
cards and constitute the low-level address used to determine the source
and destination of network traffic.
MAC Addresses are also known as Physical addresses, Layer 2 addresses,
or Hardware addresses
.
• The Logical Link Control sublayer is responsible for synchronizing frames,
error checking, and flow control.
Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop
(node) to the next.
• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow control
• Error control
• Access control

2.14
Hop-to-hop Delivery

2.15
Layer 3. Network Layer
• The Network layer of the OSI model is responsible for managing
logical addressing information in the packets and the delivery of
those packets to the correct destination.

• Routers, which are special computers used to build the network,


direct the data packet generated by Network Layer using information
stored in a table known as routing table.
• The routing table is a list of available destinations that are stored in
memory on the routers. The network layer is responsible for working
with logical addresses. The logical addresses are used to uniquely
identify a computer on the network.
• The logical address is used by network layer protocols to deliver the
packets to the correct network. The Logical addressing system used
in Network Layer is known as IP address.
Source-to-destination delivery

2.18
Layer 4. Transport Layer
The Transport layer handles transport functions
such as reliable or unreliable delivery of the data
to the destination. On the sending computer, the
transport layer is responsible for breaking the
data into smaller packets, so that if any packet is
lost during transmission, the missing packets will
be sent again.
Transport layer
• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from
one process to another.
• Service-point addressing
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control
• Flow control
• Error control

2.20
Missing packets are determined by
acknowledgments (ACKs) from the remote
device, when the remote device receives the
packets. At the receiving system, the transport
layer will be responsible for opening all of the
packets and reconstructing the original
message.
• Another function of the transport layer is TCP segment sequencing.
Sequencing is a connection-oriented service that takes TCP segments
that are received out of order and place them in the right order.
Layer 5. Session Layer

• The session layer is responsible for


establishing, managing, and terminating
connections between applications at each
end of the communication.
SESSION LAYER
• In the connection establishment phase, the service and the rules
(who transmits and when, how much data can be sent at a time etc.)
for communication between the two devices are proposed.

• The participating devices must agree on the rules. Once the rules are
established, the data transfer phase begins. Connection termination
occurs when the session is complete, and communication ends
gracefully.
Layer 6. Presentation Layer

• When the presentation layer receives data from the


application layer, to be sent over the network, it makes
sure that the data is in the proper format. If it is not,
the presentation layer converts the data to the proper
format.
Presentation layer
• The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression,
and encryption.

2.26
PRESENTATION LAYER
• On the other side of communication, when the presentation layer
receives network data from the session layer, it makes sure that the data
is in the proper format and once again converts it, if it is not.

• Formatting functions at the presentation layer may include compression,


encryption, and ensuring that the character code set (ASCII, Unicode,
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, which is used
in IBM servers) etc) can be interpreted on the other side.
Layer 7. Application Layer

• Application Layer is the top-most layer of the seven layered Open


Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model.

• Real traffic data will be often generated from the Application Layer.
This may be a web request generated from HTTP protocol, a
command from telnet protocol, a file download request from FTP
protocol etc.
Summary of layers

2.29

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