The statistical investigation can take two

forms.
The researcher studies every unit of the
field of study.
 This type of survey is called census
survey.
Or the researcher study only a unit in
the field of survey
 This type of survey is called sample
survey.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Some fundamental definitions
Population: Is the theoretically specified
aggregation of survey elements from which the
survey sample is actually selected.
Sampling Frame: Is the list of elements from
which the sample is drawn
Sample: A subset or some part of a larger
population
Sample design: Is a definite plan for obtaining
a sample frame
Sampling: Is the process of using a small
number or part of a larger population to make
conclusion
02/15/24 about the whole
By: Milkiyas population.
Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Element: Is a unit from which
information is collected and provides the
basis of analysis
Statistic: Is a characteristic of a
sample
Parameter: Is a characteristic of a
population
When we work out certain measurement
like, mean from a sample it is called
statistics.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
But when such measure describe the
characteristic of the population, they
are called parameter (s) ,
That is,
 Population mean () is a parameter

 Where as the sample mean (x) is a

statistics

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
i. Defining the population
At the outset, any study starts by defining
a target population
It is about, specifying the subject of the
study.
Definition of a target population involves
identifying
 whichelements (items) to be included?
 where and when ?
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont.…)
For example, a financial institution is considering to
introduce new type of financial product.
It might acquire information from any one of the
following groups
Which element Where When
Depositors who Designated banks For the last 12
have borrowed months
money
All depositors Designated banks For the last 12
months
All people who Specified For the last 12
have borrowed geographic area months
money
All people Specified For the last 12
02/15/24 geographic area
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.) months
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
ii. Census Vs. Sample
Once the population has been defined, the
researcher must decide whether to investigate
every element of the target population or only a
part of it.
That is, a choice must be made between
census and sample
Advantages of census
Reliability: Data derived through census are
highly reliable. The only possible errors can be
due to computation
Detailed information: Census data yield much
more information.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Limitation of census
Expensiveness: Investigating each elements
of the population is expensive to any
individual researcher
Excessive time and energy: census survey
takes too long time and consumes too much
energy.
Need for sampling (Why Sampling?)
Sampling can save time and money
Sampling may enable more accurate
measurement, if it is conducted by trained and
experienced
02/15/24
investigator
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
It is the only way when population is
infinite
If the sample units are carefully
selected and elements are
homogenous, the conclusion of the
sample survey can have almost the
same reliability as those of census
survey.
Sampling technique also enables
researchers to obtain detailed study,
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Limitations of sampling technique
Less accuracy: In comparison to census the
conclusion derived from sample are more liable
to error.
Misleading conclusion: It is true if sample is not
representative.
Example,
In estimating the monthly expenditure of
households,
 if the sample contains more rich HH, our
result (conclusion) will be erroneous if it
extended to all householdes
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Need for specialized knowledge: If it is done
by average researcher the selection is liable to
error
When and where sampling technique is
appropriate ?
Vast data
Infinite population
When census is impossible: If we want to know
the amount of mineral wealth in a country we
cannot dig all mines to discover and count.
Rather we have to use the sampling technique.
Homogeneity
When
02/15/24 at most accuracy is not required
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Essentials of an ideal sample
An ideal sample should meet the following
characteristics
Representative-ness: An ideal sample must
represent adequately the whole population.
Independence: Each unit should be free to be
included in the sample
Adequacy: The number of units included in the
sample should be sufficient to make conclusion
about the whole population.
Homogeneity: The element included in the
sample
02/15/24
must bearBy:likeness with other element.
Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
iii. Sample design (planning)
Operationally, sample design is the heart
of sampling process.
Sample design should answer the
following
What type of sample to use?
What is the appropriate sample unit?
 Is a single element? or
 group of elements are subjected to
selection in the
02/15/24 sample?
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Sampling unit can be
 Primary sampling unit: Units selected in the
first stage of sampling
 Secondary sampling unit: A unit selected in
the second stage of sampling
What frame is available for the
population?
 Sample frame is the list of population
elements from which the sample is drawn.
 Ideally the sample frame should identify
each population element once only
 It should not include elements not in the
defined population
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
How are refusals and non-response are
handled?
The sample plan must include provision for how
refusals and non-response are to be handled
Whether additional sampling units are to be
chosen as replacement and if so,
 how these are to be selected?

 who will select them ?

And the like should be planned wellhead.

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
iv. Sample size determination
Why we worry about the size of the sample?
The sample size and precision of the study
are directly related.
The larger the sample size the higher is
the accuracy.
"How big should our sample be?"
Start with the following "simple" answers
Try to get the sample as big as you can
for your study
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)

If your population size is 100 or

less, than include the whole
population rather than taking a
sample
The sample size determination is
purely statistical activity, which
needs statistical knowledge.
There are a number of sample size
determination methods.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
1) Personal judgments: The personal
judgment and subjective decision of the
researcher in some cases can be used as
a base to determine the size of the
sample.
2) Budgetary approach: is another way to
determine the sample size.
Under this approach the sample size is
determined by the available fund for the
proposed study.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
E.g., if the cost of surveying one individual or
unit is 50 birr and if the total available fund
for survey is say 10,000 birr , then the
sample size can be determined as,
Sample size (n) = total budget of survey
/Cost of unit survey,
Accordingly,
the sample size will be 200 units (10,000 /
50 = 200 units)
3) Traditional inferences: This is based on
precision rate and confidence level.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Here we need information like,
 the variance of the population,
 the magnitude of acceptable error and
 the confidence interval
a) Variance or heterogeneity of the
population (s): The sample size depends up
on the variance of the population.
If the population is similar (homogenous)
small sample size can be enough.
 E.g., Predicting the average age of collage
students Vs predicting average age of people
visiting a given supermarket
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.) at a given day.
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
If the variance is not known a researcher
need to estimate it.
The researcher can carry out either pilot
study to estimate the population standard
deviation or
He can use the rule of the thumb. According
to the rule of the thumb standard
deviation is one-sixth of the range
 E.g., If the households yearly average
income is expected to range between 1500
and 24000 birr, using the rule of the thumb
the standard deviation will be 1/6 (22500) =
3750 where rage=22500 = 24000-1500
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
b) Magnitude of acceptable error (E):
This level acceptable error that
indicates precision of the study.
It is acceptable error for that study.
The researcher makes subjective
judgment about the desired magnitude of
error.
E.g., to estimate the average
consumption expenditure of household
one
02/15/24
may allow an error says  50
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
c) Confidence interval (Z): Commonly 95%
confidence level is used.
That is, it is assumed that 95 times out
of 100 the estimate from sample will
include the population parameter.
How the sample size is determined?
We can use the following relationship.
n = (ZS/E)2 or
for proportion and infinite population
n = (Z2/E2 ) p*q
here Z represents standardization value
indicating a confidence level
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
E represents acceptable magnitude of error 
an error factor
S represents population SD or an estimate of
the population SD
Example,
the household yearly income expected to range
from 7000 – 25000. The SD is not known
The SD based on rule of thumb, range =
18000 *1/6 = 300
This can be used for the purpose of
determining the size of the sample
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
Suppose we want to estimate the households’
monthly expenditure on food.
We wish to have a 95% confidence level
Acceptable range of error of no more than 20
birr.
And the estimated value of the SD is 300
 I.e.Z = 1.96
 E = 20
 SD = 300
 n = (ZS/E)2 = (1.96 *300/20)2 =864.36 or
865
If the magnitude of By:error (E) is reduced to 10-
sample size will increase to 3457.44
02/15/24 Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
4) Bayesian Statistics.
This involves the selection of the sample size,
which maximizes the difference between the
expected value of information (EVI) and cost
of sampling.
That is, marginal cost of information (MCI)
should be equal to Marginal value of
information (MVI).
Optimum sample size implies MVI = MCI
Determination of optimum sample size requires
comparing the cost of additional information
against additional expected value of
information.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling Design and Procedure
(Cont…)
v. Execution of sampling process
The last step in sample planning is the
execution of the sample process
(procedure).
In short the sample is actually chosen.
There are different techniques of
sampling.
In general the sampling techniques can be
categorized into,
 Non-probability sampling and
 Probability sampling
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
Non-probability sampling technique
does not give equal chance that each
element of the population will be
included in the sample.
Units are selected at the discretion
of the researcher.
Such samples derive their control
from the judgment of the
researcher.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Non-probability (Cont…)
Disadvantages of non-probability sampling
 No confidence can be placed in the data
obtained from such samples; they may not
represent the large population.
 It depends exclusively on uncontrolled
factors and researcher's insight,
 there is no statistical method to
determine the margin of the sampling
errors.
 Sometimes such samples are based on a
frame, that does not adequately cover the
population
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Non-probability (Cont…)
Advantages of non-probability sampling
 it is much less complicated,
 less expensive,
 a researcher may take the advantage
of the available respondents with out
the statistical complexity of the
probability sampling.
 it is very convenient in the situation
when the sample size is very small and
the researcher wants to get some idea
of the population
02/15/24 characteristics
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Non-probability (Cont…)
There are number of non-
probability sampling.
Quota Sampling
Judgment sampling
Snowball sampling
Convenience sampling

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)

 Non-probability (Cont…)
1. Quota sampling
Under this sampling approach, the
interviewers are simply given quotas to be full-
filled from the different strata
 E.g., an interviewer in a particular city may be
required to undertake say 100 interviews. He will
assign this to different subgroups (say 50 for male
respondents and 50 for female respondents)
The researcher must take precaution and
makes sure that the sample is as
representative and generalize-able as possible
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Non-probability (Cont…)
2.Judgment (purposive or deliberate)
sampling
In this approach the investigator has
complete freedom in choosing his sample
according to his wishes and desire.
The experienced researcher select the
sample based upon his judgment about the
characteristics required from the sample
members
The intent is to select elements which are
typical or representative of the population
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Non-probability (Cont…)
The researcher selects a sample to
serve a specific purpose,
 even if this makes a sample less
representative.
Eg., The Consumers Price Index (CPI) is
based on a judgment sampling.
Its advantage
 low cost,
 convenient to use,
 less time-consuming, and
 as good as probability
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)sampling .
 Non-probability (Cont…)
3. Snowball Sampling
It is also known as Multiplicity sampling
or Net work Sampling
The term snowball came from the
analogy of the snowball,
beginning small but becomes bigger and
bigger as it rolls downhill.
The major purpose of snowball sampling
is to estimate characteristics that are
rare in the total population.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Non-probability (Cont…)
How it is done?
First initial respondents are selected randomly
Additional respondent are then obtained from
referrals
 That is, by other information provided by the
initial respondent.
Example,
Consider a researcher use telephone to obtain
referral.
Random telephone calls are made
and the respondents are asked if they know
someone else who meets the studies respondent
qualification.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Non-probability (Cont…)
4. Convenience Sampling
This is a "hit or miss" procedure of study
No planned effort is made to collect
information.
The researcher comes across certain people
or things and
He makes transaction with them
On the basis of such transaction he tries to
make generalization about the whole
population.
This sampling technique is not scientific and
has
02/15/24no value as aBy:research
Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.) technique.
 Non-probability (Cont…)
However, as it is characterized by "hit
or miss" method sometimes hits are
secured.
In general, the availability and
willingness to respond are the major
factors in selecting the respondents.

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)

All probability samples are based on
chance selection procedures
Chance selection eliminates the bias
inbuilt in the non-probability sampling
procedure,
Probability sampling is the most
preferred type of sampling because,
 the sample units are not selected based on
the desecration of the researcher
 it will give equal chance to elements to be
included in the By:sample
02/15/24 Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)

Types of probability sampling

 Simple Random Sampling
 Systematic Sampling

 Stratified Sampling

 Cluster Sampling

 Multi-stage Sampling

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)

 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
1. Simple Random Sampling
It is the basic sampling method in every
statistical computation.
Each element in the population has an
equal chance to be included in the sample.
Drawing names from a hat is a typical
simple random sampling technique.
The sampling process is simple because it
requires only one stage of sample
selection.
Selecting random sample is made in such a
way that.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
Each element in the sample frame is
assigned a number
Then each number is written on separate
pieces of paper, properly mixed and one
is selected.
If say the sample size is 45, then the
selection procedure is repeated 45 times.
When the population is consists of a large
number of elements table of random
digits can be utilized.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 2. Systematic Sampling
This is slightly different from simple random
sampling.
Elements are selected at a fixed interval
 If the population contains N ordered
elements,
 And the sample size of n is required
 Then we find sampling interval
 the ratio of these two numbers, i.e., N/n
to obtain the
Example,
 Say the population size N= 600 and the
desired sample By:size
02/15/24 is 60, then the sample
Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
Random number at the 10th interval
will be selected,
 That is, if the researcher starts from
the fourth element-4th, then 14th,
24th etc, elements will be selected.
Systematic sampling assumes that the
population elements are ordered in the
same fashion (like names in the
telephone directory)
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
Some types of ordering, such as an
alphabetic listing, will usually be uncorrelated
with the characteristics (say income family
size) to be investigated.
Systematic sampling may increase
representative-ness when items are ordered
with regard to the characteristics of interest
 E.g., if the population of customer group
is ordered by decreasing order of
purchase volume, a systematic sample will
be sure to contain some high-volume and
some low-volume customers.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
The problem of periodicity occurs if a list
has a systematic pattern, like cyclical or
seasonal pattern
Example,
 Consider collecting retail store- sale
volume,
 if the researcher is to choose a
sampling interval of seven days,
 his choice of day can result in sampling
that would not reflect day-off- the
week variation in sale.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (cont…)
3. Stratified Sampling
This method of sampling is a mixture of
deliberate and random sampling technique.
It is used when the population does not
constitute a homogeneous group,
Here, the population is divided into various
classes or sub-population,
 which are individually more homogeneous
than the total population.
The different sub-populations are called
strata.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
I.e., the population will be broken down
into different strata based on their
common characteristics say,
types of customers (strata of customers)
 credit card
 ATM card
 versus non-credit card,

types of industries (strata of industries)

 Textile
 Chemical, Leather, automotive, etc.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
From each stratum, elements are
selected by the random sampling
technique.
Note that each stratum is more
homogeneous than the total population,
Issues addressed here are,
a) How to form strata?
Strata are formed on the basis of some
common
02/15/24 characteristics
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)of the items
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
Thus, strata are purposively formed
 I.e., based on personal judgment of the
researcher.
b) How should items (elements) be selected
from each stratum?
The usual method is simple random
sampling.
c) How many items should be selected from
each stratum (stratum size)?
Stratified sample size can be made
proportionate
02/15/24
toBy: Milkiyas
its Ayele(Ph.D.)
size
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
E.g., suppose Pi the proportion of
population included in stratum i and n
represents the total sample size, the
sample size of stratum i will then be Pi*n
Stratified sample size can also be made
disproportionate to its size.
 The sample size from each stratum is
made based on the relative variance of
each stratum.
 Based on heterogeneity of stratum
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
Here we take large sample size from
heterogeneous strata.
n1 = n* N11 / N11 +N22 + N33 + …Nkk
 Where 1 2, 3, …k denote the standard
deviation of the k stratum,
 N1, N2, N3…Nk the population size of different
strata,
 ni denote the sample size of the ith
stratum and
 n the total sample size.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
4. Cluster sampling
This technique will sample economically while
retaining the characteristics of a probability
sampling.
In cluster sampling the primary sampling unit
is no more a single element rather it is a
cluster. Cluster can be:
 manufacturing unit,

 City or

 block of city, etc.

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
After randomly selecting the primary sample
unit we survey or investigate whole elements in
that selected primary sample unit.
The areal sample is the commonly used type of
cluster sampling
Example,
 suppose we want to estimate the proportion
of machine-parts in an inventory, which are
defective.
 Assume that there are about 20,000 machine
parts in the inventory.
 They are stored in 400 cases of each
containing 50 parts each.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
Now using a cluster sampling, we would
consider the 400 cases as clusters.
From this cluster we randomly select say n
(40) cases and examine all the machine-
parts in each randomly selected case.
Cluster sampling clearly reduce costs by
concentrating survey in selected cluster.
But it is less precise than random sampling
Cluster sampling is used only because of
the economic advantage it possesses
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
5. Multi-stage sampling
Items are selected in different stage at
random.
Multi stage sampling is a further improvement
over cluster sampling.
E.g., If we wish to estimate say households
consumption (expenditure) pattern in Adama
zone
We begin by random selecting say 5 districts
in the first instance.
From these 5 districts, 5 Kebeles per district
will be chosen in By:the
02/15/24 same
Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)manner.
 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
In final stage we will select again
randomly 10 households from every
Kebele.
In general, we shall examine
average income expenditure of a
total of 250 households.

02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)

 Probability Sampling (Cont…)
Zone
District (5) first stage
kebele ( 5) second
stage
Households (10 ) third stage
There are two advantages of this
sampling technique.
It is easier to administer than most
sampling technique.
A large number of units can be sampled
for a given cost, whereas this is not
possible
02/15/24 in mostBy: sample design .
Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling
The main reason why a large sample size is
desired is
 sample size is related to random sampling
error
Sampling study is subjected to two types
of errors
 sampling error and

 non-sampling errors,

The error created due to sampling aspect

is 02/15/24
called samplingBy: error
Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling (Cont…)
1. Sampling Error
Sampling error is the difference between
the result of a sample and the result of
census.
These are errors that are created
because of the chance only.
Although the sample is properly selected,
there will be some difference between
the sample statistics and the actual value
(population parameter).
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling (Cont…)
In short, we can expect some difference
between the sample statistics and the
population parameter.
This difference is known as sampling
error.
To illustrate this let us take a very
simple example.
Suppose an individual student has scored
the following grades in 10 subjects
(Consider these subjects as population);
55, 60, 65, 90, 55, 75, 88, 45, 85, 82.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling (Cont…)
Say, a sample of four grades 55, 65, 82,
and 90 are selected at random to estimate
the average grade of this student.
The mean of this sample is 73
But the population mean is 70
The sampling error is therefore,73 - 70 = 3
However, the sample error will decreases as
the sample size increases
It is not possible to completely avoid
sampling error in sample survey
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling (Cont…)
2. Systematic Error (non-sampling error)
Systematic error is also called sampling
bias.
Such error can be created from errors in
the sampling procedure,
it cannot be reduced or eliminated by
increasing the sample size.
Such error occurs because of human
mistakes and not chance variation.
Possible sources such error might be
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling (Cont…)
a) Inappropriate sampling: If the sample units
are a misrepresentation of the population; it
will result in sample bias.
It occurs when,
a researcher gathers data from a sample
drawn from some favored locations
Population elements are not given equal
chances to be selected into the sample.
b) Accessibility bias: In many research studies,
researchers tend to select respondents who
are the most accessible to them
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling (Cont…)
c. Non-response bias: This may occur when
There is an incomplete coverage of sample.
This is due,
 failure in locating some of the individuals
of the sample element or
 due to their refusal to respond.

In some cases, respondents may

intentionally give false information in
response to some sensitive question.
For instance, people may not tell the truth
of their bad habit
02/15/24
and income
By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Error in Sampling (Cont…)
Total error=sampling error + Non-
sampling Error
Generally,
 Non-sampling errors occur in both sample
survey and in census survey.
 Preparing the survey questionnaire and
handling the data properly can minimize
non-sampling error
 Where as the sampling error occurs only in a
sample survey
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling theory

Sampling theory
Sampling theory is the study of the
relationship between a population and
sample drawn from the population.
Sample theory is applicable only to random
samples.
The theory of sampling is concerned with
estimating the property of the population
from those of the samples and
 also with gauging the precision of the
estimate.
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele (Ph.D.)
 Sampling theory (Cont…)
This sort of movement from particular
(sample) to general (population) is called
statistical induction or statistical inference
The methodology dealing with all this is
known as sampling theory.
Sampling theory is design to attain the
following objectives
a) Statistical estimation: Sampling theory
helps in estimating unknown population
parameters from knowledge of statistical
measurement
02/15/24
on By:sample studies.
Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)
 Sampling theory (Cont…)
In other words, to obtain an estimate of
parameter from statistic (estimate can be a
point or an interval)
b) Testing of hypothesis: It enables us to decide
whether to accept or to reject the stated
hypothesis.
That is, observed differences are actually due to
chance or whether they are really significant.
c) Statistical inference: Sampling theory helps in
making generalization about the population from
the studies based on samples drawn from it.
It also helps in determining the accuracy of such
generalization
02/15/24 By: Milkiyas Ayele(Ph.D.)