Distributed and Cloud Computing From Parallel Processing to the

Internet of Things
Kai Hwang

Lecture6
INTER-CL ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE
INTERNET OF THINGS OUD RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
 Ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp )
• Is a post-desktop model of human-computer
interaction in which information processing is
integrated into everyday objects and activities
• Ubiquitous computing: Ubiquitous computing
is the method of enhancing computer use by
making many computers available throughout
the physical environment, but making them
effectively invisible to the user.
 Ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp )
• Integrate computers seamlessly into the world
– invisible, everywhere computing.
– Often called pervasive/invisible computing.
• Ubicomp is about making computers invisible
• Technology View
– Computers everywhere – embedded into fridges, washing
machines, door locks, cars, furniture.
– Intelligent environment.
– Mobile portable computing devices
– Wireless communication – seamless mobile/fixed.
• Devices that lend support to ubiquitous computing include
smartphones, tablet computers, sensor networks, RFID tags,
smart cards, GPS devices, and others.
 Definition of IoT
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept that
describes a future where everyday physical objects will be
connected to the Internet and be able to identify themselves
to other devices.

• is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with

electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable
objects to collect and exchange data
------Wikipedia
 IoT
• Internet of Things (IoT) provides a network of sensor- or
radio connected devices that can be uniquely identified
and located in the cyber-physical space
• The term “IoT” combines radio-frequency identification
(RFID) technology with today’s IPv6-based Internet
technology
• All things (objects) have IP addresses, which can be
uniquely identified.
• The IP-identifiable objects are readable, recognizable,
locatable, addressable, and/or controllable via the
Internet, aided by RFID, WiFi, ZigBee, mobile networks,
and GPS
IoT Dimension
 The Applications of IoT

Regional Office Biosensor taken by people

House Network Equipment in

public place

Transportation Vehicle Virtual Environment

IoT Enabling Technologies
Enabling and Synergistic Technologies
Internet of Things vs. Cloud Properties
 Architecture of the Internet of Things
• Three-layer architecture
– Sensing layer
• sensing devices: namely RFID tags, ZigBee or other types of sensors, and road-
mapping GPS navigators
• sensing devices are locally or wide-area-connected in the form of RFID networks,
sensor networks, and GPSes
• Signals or information collected at these sensing devices are linked to the
applications through the cloud computing platforms at the middle layer.
– Network layer
• built over the mobile networks, the Internet backbone, and various information
networks at the middle layer
• Various compute and storage clouds and grids are used to process the data and
transform it into information and knowledge formats
– Application layer
• The sensed information is used to put together a decision-making system for
intelligence applications.
Architecture of the Internet of Things
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
– RFID tag A tiny silicon chip attached to a small antenna.
– Reader antenna Used to radiate the energy and then capture
the return signal sent back from the tag.
– Reader The device station that talks with the tags.
 Sensor Networks

• known as wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

• A typical WSN consists of spatially distributed autonomous
sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental
conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure,
motion, or pollutants.
 ZigBee Network
• ZigBee coordinator (ZC) : This is the most
capable ZigBee device serving as the
coordinator or the root of a ZigBee network.
• ZigBee Router (ZR): This can act as an
intermediate router, passing on data from end
device to end device.
• ZigBee End Device (ZED) This contains just
enough functionality to talk to the parent
node.
ZigBee Network
 The Challenge of IoT
1. Technological Standardization in most areas
are still remain fragmented.
2. Huge amount of Data
3. Managing and fostering rapid innovation is a
challenge for governments
4. Privacy and security
5. Testing of Multi-Discipline Systems
6. Absence of governance
MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING
 MOTIVATION
Motivation

– In human life Mobile devices e.g., smartphone,

tablet pcs, etc) become an essential part of
– Dream of “Information at your fingertips
anywhere anytime”,
– When compared to conventional information
processing devices these Mobile devices are lack in
resources.
Soultion

• Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC)

WHAT IS MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING?
• MCC refers to an infrastructure where both the data
storage and data processing happen outside of the mobile
device.
• Mobile cloud applications move the computing power
and data storage away from the mobile devices and into
powerful and centralized computing platforms located in
clouds, which are then accessed over the wireless
connection based on a thin native client.
• MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING = MOBILE COMPUTING
+ CLOUD COMPUTING
 WHY DO WE NEED MCC?
– Mobile devices face many resource challenges (battery life,
storage, bandwidth etc.)
– Cloud computing offers advantages to users by allowing
them to use infrastructure, platforms and software by cloud
providers at low cost and elastically in an on-demand fashion.
– Mobile cloud computing provides mobile users with data
storage and processing services in clouds, obviating the
need to have a powerful device configuration (e.g. CPU
speed, memory capacity etc), as all resource-intensive
computing can be performed in the cloud.
Cloudlets for Mobile Cloud
Computing
 Cloudlets
• Both mobile devices and centralized clouds or data centers
have shortcomings in terms of supporting mobile computing.

• Problems with mobile and handheld devices

– limited CPU power
– Limited storage capacity
– Limited network bandwidth
– Cannot be used to handle large data sets
• Problems with Cloud
– WAN latency problem

To solve this two-sided problem cloudlets are being deployed.

 Cloudlets
• The idea is to use the cloudlet as a flexible
gateway or portal to access the distant cloud.
• A low-cost infrastructure to enable cloud
computing using mobile devices.
• The cloudlet can be implemented on PCs,
workstations, or low-cost servers.
• The major innovation lies in using VM-based
flexibility to handle requests from different
mobile devices.
ARCHITECTURE
Cloudlets
 Transient Cloudlet Customization
• Two different approaches to delivering VM
state to infrastructure.
• VM migration approach
 Already-executing VM is first suspended,
processor, disk and memory state are then
transferred, VM execution is resumed at the
destination.

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 Transient Customization
• Deliver fully configured virtual machine (VM) to infrastructure

• Problem: too large, too slow for transient use

• Solution: assemble VM on the fly  dynamic VM synthesis

– prefetch large, relatively static, widely-used piece (“base VM”)
– deliver small patch (“VM overlay”) just before use
– discard VM after use

• VM overlay can come from

– mobile device over wireless link, or
– web site under control of mobile device (URL and decryption key)
 Transient Cloudlet Customization
• Dynamic VM synthesis approach.

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Differences between Cloudlets and Clouds