Internal and External devices of computer

Internal components
1. Motherboard
2.Ram
3.Rom
4.processer
5.graphics card
6.ports
6.battery
External components
1.microphone
2.webcam
3.moniter
4.keyboard
5.mouse
Motherboard
The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. It connects the
CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards directly
or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.
Features of Motherboard
A motherboard comes with following features −
Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various
types of components.
Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few
types of memories.
Video cards, hard disks, sound cards have to be
compatible with the motherboard to function
properly.
Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be
compatible to work properly together.
Popular Manufacturers
Following are the popular manufacturers of the
motherboard.
Intel
ASUS
AOpen
ABIT
Biostar
Gigabyte
MSI
Ram
What is RAM?
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application
programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor. RAM is the main
memory in a computer. It is much faster to read from and write to than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk drive (
HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive.
Function of RAM
Because of its volatility, RAM can't store permanent data. RAM can be compared to a person's short-
term memory, and a hard disk drive to a person's long-term memory. Short-term memory is focused on
immediate work, but it can only keep a limited number of facts in view at any one time. When a person's
short-term memory fills up, it can be refreshed with facts stored in the brain's long-term memory
How does RAM work?
The term random access as applied to RAM comes from the fact that any storage location, also
known as any memory address, can be accessed directly. Originally, the term Random Access
Memory was used to distinguish regular core memory from offline memory.
Offline memory typically referred to magnetic tape from which a specific piece of data could only be
accessed by locating the address sequentially, starting at the beginning of the tape. RAM is organized and
controlled in a way that enables data to be stored and retrieved directly to and from specific locations.
Other types of storage -- such as the hard drive and CD-ROM-- are also accessed directly or
randomly, but the term random access isn't used to describe these other types of storage.
RAM is similar in concept to a set of boxes in which each box can hold a 0 or a 1. Each box has a
unique address that is found by counting across the columns and down the rows. A set of RAM boxes
is called an array, and each box is known as a cell.
To find a specific cell, the RAM controller sends the column and row address down a thin electrical line
etched into the chip. Each row and column in a RAM array has its own address line. Any data that's read
flows back on a separate data line.
RAM is physically small and stored in microchips. It's also small in terms of the amount of data it can hold.
A typical laptop computer may come with 8 gigabytes of RAM, while a hard disk can hold 10 terabytes.
Types of RAM
RAM comes in two primary forms:
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) makes up the typical computing device's RAM, and as was previously noted, it needs that
power to be on to retain stored data.
Each DRAM cell has a charge or lack of charge held in an electrical capacitor. This data must be constantly refreshed with an electronic
charge every few milliseconds to compensate for leaks from the capacitator. A transistor serves as a gate, determining whether a
capacitor's value can be read or written.
transistor serves as a gate, determining whether a capacitor's value can be read or written.
Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) also needs constant power to hold on to data, but it doesn't
need to be continually refreshed the way DRAM does.
In SRAM, instead of a capacitor holding the charge, the transistor acts as a switch, with one position
serving as 1 and the other position as 0. Static RAM requires several transistors to retain one bit of
data compared to dynamic RAM which needs only one transistor per bit. As a result, SRAM chips
are much larger and more expensive than an equivalent amount of DRAM.
However, SRAM is significantly faster and uses less power than DRAM. The price and speed
differences mean static RAM is mainly used in small amounts as cache memory inside a
computer's processor.
GDDR SDRAM
Graphics double data rate (GDDR) SDRAM is used in graphics and video cards. Like DDR
SDRAM, the technology enables data to be moved at various points in a CPU clock cycle.
However, it runs at higher voltages and has less strict timing than DDR SDRAM.
With parallel tasks, such as 2D and 3D video rendering, tight access times aren't as necessary, and
GDDR can enable the higher speeds and memory bandwidth needed for GPU performance.
Similar to DDR, GDDR has gone through several generations of development, with each providing more
performance and lower power consumption. GDDR6 is the latest generation of graphics memory.
Rom
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This
type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture.
A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to
as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing
machine and microwave oven
MROM (Masked ROM)
The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of
data or instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs, which are
inexpensive.
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM
and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip, there are small fuses
which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.
EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves
this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than
10 years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal
window (lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use, the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.
Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (millisecond). In EEPROM, any location can be
selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire
chip. Hence, the process of reprogramming is flexible but slow.
Advantages of ROM
The advantages of ROM are as follows −
Non-volatile in nature
Cannot be accidentally changed
Cheaper than RAMs
Easy to test
More reliable than RAMs
Static and do not require refreshing
Contents are always known and can be verified
Processor
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that
drive a computer. The CPU is seen as the main and most crucial integrated circuitry (IC) chip in a
computer, as it is responsible for interpreting most of computers commands. CPUs will perform most
basic arithmetic, logic and I/O operations, as well as allocate commands for other chips and
components running in a computer.
The term processor is used interchangeably with the term central processing unit (CPU), although
strictly speaking, the CPU is not the only processor in a computer. The GPU (graphics processing
unit) is the most notable example, but the hard drive and other devices within a computer also
perform some processing independently. Nevertheless, the term processor is generally understood
to mean the CPU.
The basic elements of a processor
The basic elements of a processor include:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which carries out arithmetic and logic operationson the operands in instructions.
The floating point unit (FPU), also known as a math coprocessor or numeric coprocessor, a specialized
coprocessorthat manipulates numbers more quickly than the basic microprocessor circuitry can.
Registers, which hold instructions and other data. Registers supply operands to
the ALU and store the results of operations.
L1 and L2cache memory. Their inclusion in the CPU saves time compared to
having to get data from random access memory (RAM).
CPU Operations
The four primary functions of a processor are fetch, decode, execute and write back.
Fetch- is the operation which receives instructions from program memory from a systems RAM.
Decode- is where the instruction is converted to understand which other parts of the CPU are needed to continue the
operation. This is performed by the instruction decoder
Execute- is where the operation is performed. Each part of the CPU that is needed is activated to carry out the instructions.
Types
Most processors today are multi-core, which means that the IC contains two or more processors for enhanced
performance, reduced power consumption and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks (s ee:
parallel processing). Multi-core set-ups are similar to having multiple, separate processors installed in the same
computer, but because the processors are actually plugged into the same socket, the connection between them is
faster.
Most computers may have up to two-four cores; however, this number can increase up to 12 cores,
for example. If a CPU can only process a single set of instructions at one time, then it is considered
as a single-core processor. If a CPU can process two sets of instructions at a time it is called a dual-
core processor; four sets would be considered a quad-core processor. The more cores, the more
instructions at a time a computer can handle.
Some processors use multi-threading, which uses virtualized processor cores. Virtualized
processor cores are called vCPUs. These are not as powerful as physical cores but can be
used to improve performance in virtual machines (VMs). However, adding unnecessary vCPUs
can hurt consolidation ratios, so there should be about four-six vCPUs per physical core.
Graphics card
A graphics card (also called a video card, display card, graphics adapter, GPU, VGA
card/VGA, video adapter, or display adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of
output images to a display device, such as a computer monitor. Graphics cards are sometimes
called discrete or dedicated graphics cards to emphasize their distinction to integrated graphics
Ports
A port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be
connected to the computer. It can also be programmatic docking point through
which information flows from a program to the computer or over the Internet
Characteristics of Ports
A port has the following characteristics −
External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.
Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external device is plugged in.
Examples of external devices attached via ports are the mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc.
Serial Port
Used for external modems and older computer mouse
Two versions: 9 pin, 25 pin model
Data travels at 115 kilobits per second
Parallel Port
Used for scanners and printers
Also called printer port
25 pin model
IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port
PS/2 Port
Used for old computer keyboard and mouse
Also called mouse port
Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for the mouse and keyboard
IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port
Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port
It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, etc.
It was introduced in 1997.
Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum.
Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds.
USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port.
VGA Port
Connects monitor to a computer's video card.
It has 15 holes.
Similar to the serial port connector. However, serial port connector has pins, VGA port has holes.
Power Connector
Three-pronged plug.
Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket
Modem Port
Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.
Ethernet Port
Connects to a network and high speed Internet.
Connects the network cable to a computer.
This port resides on an Ethernet Card.
Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network bandwidth.
Battery
Computer batteries
There are three computer battery types used with computers. First is the backup
battery, which is commonly referred to as the CMOS battery that holds your
computer's settings, such as the time and date. Without a CMOS battery, you would have
to reset the time, date, and other system settings each time the computer starts
 Microphone

• A microphone is an input device that was developed

by Emile Berliner in 1877. It is used to convert sound waves into
electric waves or input the audio into computers. It captures audio
by converting sound waves into an electrical signal, which
may be a digital or analog signal. This process can be
implemented by a computer or other digital audio devices.
Webcam
A webcam is a video camera which is designed to record or stream to a computer or
computer network. They are primarily used in videotelephony, livestreaming and
social media, and security. Webcams can be built-in computer hardware or peripheral devices
, and are commonly connected to a device using USB or wireless protocols.
Moniter
Keyboard
Mouse