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Week 3 Lecture Slides

The document discusses key concepts related to particle technology, including: 1) The angle of repose determines the flow characteristics of particulate masses, with smaller angles indicating free-flowing solids and larger angles indicating poor flow. 2) Bulk storage involves storing coarse solids like coal and gravel in large outdoor piles, while bin storage stores more valuable solids in vessels like silos and hoppers to protect them from the elements. 3) The flow pattern of solids discharging from a bin depends on factors like the steepness of the bottom section and friction, and can involve mass flow or tunnel/funnel flow.

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Jahanzaib Faraz
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23 views

Week 3 Lecture Slides

The document discusses key concepts related to particle technology, including: 1) The angle of repose determines the flow characteristics of particulate masses, with smaller angles indicating free-flowing solids and larger angles indicating poor flow. 2) Bulk storage involves storing coarse solids like coal and gravel in large outdoor piles, while bin storage stores more valuable solids in vessels like silos and hoppers to protect them from the elements. 3) The flow pattern of solids discharging from a bin depends on factors like the steepness of the bottom section and friction, and can involve mass flow or tunnel/funnel flow.

Uploaded by

Jahanzaib Faraz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.

E-203 PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering,


University of Engineering & Technology Lahore
Angle of Repose & Angle of Internal Friction

Angle of Repose:
The angle measured from the horizontal at which a heap of loose solids will stand without
sliding.

Angle of Internal Friction:


A measure of frictional forces between particulate masses.

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Angle of Repose

Angle of repose determines the flow characteristics


of particulate masses.

Smaller angle  Free flowing solid


Larger angle  Poor flow characteristics

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Storage of solids

 Bulk storage
 Bin storage
BULK STORAGE

 Coarse solids like coal and gravels ……. Outside in large piles
 Unprotected from the weather
 Most economical for large amount of material
 Solid can be removed from pile by dragline or tractor shovel and delivered to
conveyer or process
 May lead to environmental problems
 Dusting - avoided by providing protective cover

 Leaching - avoided by providing protective cover or shallow basin


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BIN STORAGE

 Valuable or soluble solids


 cannot exposed in outdoor piles
 Stored in bins, silos and hoppers.
 These are cylindrical or rectangular vessels of concrete or metal
 SILO: tall and relatively small in diameter
 BIN: not so tall and usually fairly wide
 HOPPER: small vessel with a sloping bottom for temporary storage before feeding

All these vessels are loaded from top and discharged from bottom
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FLOW OUT OF BINS

Solids tend to flow out of any opening in bottom of


storage vessel.
 Side opening
 Base opening

Its not possible to open entire bottom for discharge.


Rather a bottom section is set at the bottom of a bin for
discharge;
 Conical bottom
 Pyramidal bottom
Bottom Section

Conical
Pyramidal
FLOW PATTERNS

 Mass flow

 Tunnel/Funnel flow

Flow pattern depends on


 Steepness of the wall in the bottom section
 Friction between solids and the wall
MASS FLOW

 All the material moves downward uniformly


 It occurs in cone-bottomed bins with sufficient steep and/or smooth discharge
Characteristics of Mass flow

 Flow is uniform and well controlled


 Constant density flow
 Sifting or segregation is minimized
 No dead zones
 Described as : FIFO (first in, first out)
 Free flowing or non cohesive solids follow this pattern
TUNNEL/FUNNEL FLOW

 Some material is stationary and rest is moving.


 A vertical column of solids above the opening moves downward
without disturbing material at the sides.
 It occurs when the bottom section is pyramidal or shallow cone
angle
Characteristics of Tunnel flow

 Particles segregate and remain segregated


 Flow is irregular and can cause flooding
 Density of flow can vary
 dead zones
 Described as : LIFO (last in, first out)
 Cohesive solids follow this pattern
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Flow out of a bin

The rate of flow of granular solids through opening in the bottom of the bin depends
upon the following factors;
 Diameter of discharge opening
 Properties of the solids

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Discharge opening

 Not too small - clogging


 Not too large – difficult to control and shut down
 Small enough – to be readily closed during solid discharge

Properties of the solids

 With cohesive solids, its hard to start flow. They adhere to the vessel walls and

support a plug flow over the discharge opening.


 Vibrators on bin walls are used to start the flow.

 Flow is easier for non cohesive solids.


Pressures in bins and silos

 Pressure exerted by solids on the floor of the container is small because of the strong
frictional forces between the particles and walls.
 In granular solids, high pressure does not increase the tendency of the material to
flow instead it often packs the grains more tightly and makes flow difficult.
 In extreme cases, frictional forces cause the particles to arch or bridge, so that they
don’t fall as the material below them is removed.  arch breakers are provided near
bottom to avoid particles bridging.
Arch Breaker

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